An Online Cross-Sectional Survey: Changes in Food Group Consumption on Complementary Feeding during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on food group consumption of complementary feeding in Indonesia. Data were collected using online self-administered questionnaires on Indonesian mothers of children aged 6–23 months. The result showed that households with decreased ability to provide food during the COVID-19 pandemic tended to choose unhealthy food groups on complementary feeding. There were higher odds of unhealthy food consumption, such as sweetened beverages, including fruit juice (OR=3.181; 95% CI:1.788−5.657) and homemade drink with sweeteners (OR=1.652; 95% CI:1.034−2.641); sugar confection (OR=2.066; 95% CI:1.240−3.444); frozen treats (OR=2.270; 95% CI:1.400−3.681), baked or fried confection (OR=2.154; 95% CI:1.435−3.235); fried and salty foods (OR=1.633; 95% CI:1.059−2.517). Meanwhile, the odds of food group consumption which lower during COVID-19 pandemic mostly are animal source foods group, including yogurt (OR=0.297; 95% CI:0.161−0.548); yogurt drink (OR=0.253; 95% CI:0.138−0.464); cheese (OR=0.355; 95% CI:0.230−0.549); eggs (OR=0.675; 95% CI:0.461−0.991); fish or seafood (OR=0.409; 95% CI:0.279−0.600); organ meats (OR=0.304; 95% CI:0.180−0.512); meats (OR=0.339; 95% CI:0.225−0.511); and poultry (OR=0.339; 95% CI:0.225−0.511). However, effective strategy for enhancing complementary feeding quality during pandemic should be formulated.
References
Adams EL, Caccavale LJ, Smith D, Bean MK. 2020. Food insecurity, the home food environment, and parent feeding practices in the era of COVID-19. Obesity 28(11):2056–2063. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22996
Binns C, Lee MK, Yun Low W, Baker P, Bulgiba A, Dahlui M, Thuy Duong DT, Guldan G, Hairi N, Hokama T et al. 2020. Guidelines for complementary feeding of infants in the Asia Pacific Region: APACPH Public Health Nutrition Group. Asia Pac J Public Health 32(4):179–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520931328
Calcaterra V, Cena H, Rossi V, Santero S, Bianchi A, Zuccotti G. 2023. Ultra-processed food, reward system and childhood obesity. Children 10(5):804. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050804
Dunford E, Popkin B. 2023. Ultra-processed food for infants and toddlers; dynamics of supply and demand. Bull World Health Organ 101(5):358–360. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.22.289448
French SA, Tangney CC, Crane MM, Wang Y, Appelhans BM. 2019. Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: The SHoPPER study. BMC Public Health 19:1−7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2
Green M, Hadihardjono DN, Pries AM, Izwardy D, Zehner E, Huffman SL. 2019. High proportions of children under 3 years of age consume commercially produced snack foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in Bandung City, Indonesia. Matern Child Nutr 15:e12764. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12764
Headey D, Hirvonen K, Hoddinott J. 2018. Animal sourced foods and child stunting. Am J Agric Econ 100:1302–1319. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay053
Jafri A, Mathe N, Aglago EK, Konyole SO, Ouedraogo M, Audain K, Zongo U, Laar AK, Johnson J, Sanou D. 2021. Food availability, accessibility and dietary practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country survey. Public Health Nutr 24(7):1798–1805. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021000987
Kundu S, Al Banna MH, Sayeed A, Sultana, MS, Brazendale K, Harris J, Mandal M, Jahan I, Abid MT, Khan MSI. 2021. Determinants of household food security and dietary diversity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr 24(5):1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020005042
Laborde D, Herforth A, Headey D, De Pee S. 2021. COVID-19 pandemic leads to greater depth of unaffordability of healthy and nutrient-adequate diets in low- and middle-income countries. Nat Food 2(7):473–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00323-8
Landry MJ, Van Den Berg AE, Asigbee FM, Vandyousefi S, Ghaddar R, Davis JN. 2019. Child-report of food insecurity is associated with diet quality in children. Nutrients 11(7):1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071574
Lovelace S, Rabiee-Khan F. 2015. Food choices made by low-income households when feeding their pre-school children: A qualitative study: Influences on food choices. Matern Child Nutr 11(4):870–881. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12028
Masztalerz-Kozubek D, Zielinska MA, Rust P, Majchrzak D, Hamulka J. 2020. The use of added salt and sugar in the diet of Polish and Austrian toddlers. Associated factors and dietary patterns, feeding and maternal practices. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(14):5025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145025
Murray RD. 2017. Savoring sweet: Sugars in infant and toddler feeding. Ann Nutr Metab 70(Suppl.3):38–46. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479246
Ntambara J, Chu M. 2021. The risk to child nutrition during and after COVID-19 pandemic: What to expect and how to respond. Public Health Nutr 24(11): 3530–3536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021001610
Picchioni F, Goulao LF, Roberfroid D. 2022. The impact of COVID-19 on diet quality, food security and nutrition in low and middle income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr 41(12):2955–2964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.015
Rahimi P, Islam MS, Duarte PM, Tazerji SS, Sobur MA, El Zowalaty ME, Ashour HM, Rahman MT. 2022. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food production and animal health. Trends Food Sci Technol 121:105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.003
Setiadi W, Rozi IE, Safari D, Daningrat WOD, Johar E, Yohan B, Yudhaputri FA, Lestari KD, Oktavianthi S, Myint KSA, Malik SG. 2022. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 after one year of pandemic in Jakarta and neighbouring areas, Indonesia: A single center study. Plos One 17(5):e0268241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268241
Syafiq A, Fikawati S, Gemily SC. 2022. Household food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban and semi-urban areas in Indonesia. J Health Popul Nutr 41(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-022-00285-y
[UNICEF] United Nations Children's Fund. 2020. Improving Young Children’s Diets During the Complementary Feeding Period. UNICEF Programming Guidance. New York (USA): UNICEF.
Wang E, Gao Z. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on food stockpiling behavior over time in China. Foods 10:3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123076
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2020. Virtual press conference on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-and-final-11mar2020.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2023]
[WHO & UNICEF] World Health Organization & United Nations Children's Fund. 2021. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Definitions and Measurement Methods. Geneva (CH): WHO & UNICEF.
Widyaningrum R, Safitri RA, Ramadhani K, Suryani D, Syarief F. 2021. complementary feeding practices during COVID-19 outbreak in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and its related factor. Asia Pac J Public Health 33(1):150–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520976518
Binns C, Lee MK, Yun Low W, Baker P, Bulgiba A, Dahlui M, Thuy Duong DT, Guldan G, Hairi N, Hokama T et al. 2020. Guidelines for complementary feeding of infants in the Asia Pacific Region: APACPH Public Health Nutrition Group. Asia Pac J Public Health 32(4):179–187. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520931328
Calcaterra V, Cena H, Rossi V, Santero S, Bianchi A, Zuccotti G. 2023. Ultra-processed food, reward system and childhood obesity. Children 10(5):804. https://doi.org/10.3390/children10050804
Dunford E, Popkin B. 2023. Ultra-processed food for infants and toddlers; dynamics of supply and demand. Bull World Health Organ 101(5):358–360. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.22.289448
French SA, Tangney CC, Crane MM, Wang Y, Appelhans BM. 2019. Nutrition quality of food purchases varies by household income: The SHoPPER study. BMC Public Health 19:1−7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6546-2
Green M, Hadihardjono DN, Pries AM, Izwardy D, Zehner E, Huffman SL. 2019. High proportions of children under 3 years of age consume commercially produced snack foods and sugar-sweetened beverages in Bandung City, Indonesia. Matern Child Nutr 15:e12764. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12764
Headey D, Hirvonen K, Hoddinott J. 2018. Animal sourced foods and child stunting. Am J Agric Econ 100:1302–1319. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aay053
Jafri A, Mathe N, Aglago EK, Konyole SO, Ouedraogo M, Audain K, Zongo U, Laar AK, Johnson J, Sanou D. 2021. Food availability, accessibility and dietary practices during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-country survey. Public Health Nutr 24(7):1798–1805. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021000987
Kundu S, Al Banna MH, Sayeed A, Sultana, MS, Brazendale K, Harris J, Mandal M, Jahan I, Abid MT, Khan MSI. 2021. Determinants of household food security and dietary diversity during the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh. Public Health Nutr 24(5):1079–1087. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980020005042
Laborde D, Herforth A, Headey D, De Pee S. 2021. COVID-19 pandemic leads to greater depth of unaffordability of healthy and nutrient-adequate diets in low- and middle-income countries. Nat Food 2(7):473–475. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43016-021-00323-8
Landry MJ, Van Den Berg AE, Asigbee FM, Vandyousefi S, Ghaddar R, Davis JN. 2019. Child-report of food insecurity is associated with diet quality in children. Nutrients 11(7):1574. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11071574
Lovelace S, Rabiee-Khan F. 2015. Food choices made by low-income households when feeding their pre-school children: A qualitative study: Influences on food choices. Matern Child Nutr 11(4):870–881. https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12028
Masztalerz-Kozubek D, Zielinska MA, Rust P, Majchrzak D, Hamulka J. 2020. The use of added salt and sugar in the diet of Polish and Austrian toddlers. Associated factors and dietary patterns, feeding and maternal practices. Int J Environ Res Public Health 17(14):5025. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145025
Murray RD. 2017. Savoring sweet: Sugars in infant and toddler feeding. Ann Nutr Metab 70(Suppl.3):38–46. https://doi.org/10.1159/000479246
Ntambara J, Chu M. 2021. The risk to child nutrition during and after COVID-19 pandemic: What to expect and how to respond. Public Health Nutr 24(11): 3530–3536. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980021001610
Picchioni F, Goulao LF, Roberfroid D. 2022. The impact of COVID-19 on diet quality, food security and nutrition in low and middle income countries: A systematic review of the evidence. Clin Nutr 41(12):2955–2964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.08.015
Rahimi P, Islam MS, Duarte PM, Tazerji SS, Sobur MA, El Zowalaty ME, Ashour HM, Rahman MT. 2022. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on food production and animal health. Trends Food Sci Technol 121:105–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.12.003
Setiadi W, Rozi IE, Safari D, Daningrat WOD, Johar E, Yohan B, Yudhaputri FA, Lestari KD, Oktavianthi S, Myint KSA, Malik SG. 2022. Prevalence and epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 after one year of pandemic in Jakarta and neighbouring areas, Indonesia: A single center study. Plos One 17(5):e0268241. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0268241
Syafiq A, Fikawati S, Gemily SC. 2022. Household food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in urban and semi-urban areas in Indonesia. J Health Popul Nutr 41(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41043-022-00285-y
[UNICEF] United Nations Children's Fund. 2020. Improving Young Children’s Diets During the Complementary Feeding Period. UNICEF Programming Guidance. New York (USA): UNICEF.
Wang E, Gao Z. 2021. The impact of COVID-19 on food stockpiling behavior over time in China. Foods 10:3076. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10123076
[WHO] World Health Organization. 2020. Virtual press conference on COVID-19 – 11 March 2020. https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/transcripts/who-audio-emergencies-coronavirus-press-conference-full-and-final-11mar2020.pdf [Accessed 20 June 2023]
[WHO & UNICEF] World Health Organization & United Nations Children's Fund. 2021. Indicators for Assessing Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices. Definitions and Measurement Methods. Geneva (CH): WHO & UNICEF.
Widyaningrum R, Safitri RA, Ramadhani K, Suryani D, Syarief F. 2021. complementary feeding practices during COVID-19 outbreak in Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia, and its related factor. Asia Pac J Public Health 33(1):150–153. https://doi.org/10.1177/1010539520976518
Authors
RahayuH. K. (2024). An Online Cross-Sectional Survey: Changes in Food Group Consumption on Complementary Feeding during COVID-19 Pandemic in Indonesia. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 19(Supp.2), 322-331. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2024.19.Supp.2.322-331
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
