Distribusi Sifat Kimia Gambut di Perkebunan Sawit dan Hubungannya dengan Kedalaman Lapisan Gambut dan Jarak dari Tanah Mineral Berbahan Induk Batuan Ultrabasa
Selected Chemical Peat Properties Distribution in Palm Oil Plantation and Its Relationship with Depth Layer and Distance from Mineral Soil Derived From Ultrabasic Rocks
Abstrak
Lahan gambut di lokasi penelitian yang digunakan untuk perkebunan sawit berdampingan dengan tanah mineral berbahan induk ultrabasa berkadar Mg tinggi. Tanah berkadar Mg tinggi dapat mengakibatkan terhambatnya pertumbuhan tanaman dan gangguan serapan hara. Penelitian ini bertujuan mempelajari distribusi beberapa sifat kimia tanah seperti pH; kandungan unsur kalium (K), kalsium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), natrium (Na) dapat ditukar; besi (Fe), mangan (Mn), tembaga (Cu), seng (Zn) total dan terekstrak DTPA dalam gambut dan hubungannya dengan kedalaman lapisan gambut dan jarak terhadap tanah mineral berbahan induk batuan ultrabasa. Contoh gambut sekitar 1,0 kg diambil secara komposit dari setiap kedalaman gambut 0 – 30, 30 – 60 dan 60 – 90 cm pada transek toposekuen dari setiap jarak 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 dan 600 m dari perbatasan tanah mineral ultrabasa. Analisis contoh gambut dilakukan untuk menetapkan (i) kapasitas tukar kation (KTK) dan pH H2O 1:5; (ii) kandungan hara makro K, Ca, Mg dan benefisial Na menggunakan amonium asetat 1 N pH 7; dan (iii) kandungan total unsur mikro Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn serta kandungan unsur-unsur tersebut dengan pengekstrak DTPA. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai pH gambut menurun sangat nyata berdasarkan kedalaman lapisan gambut dan cenderung menurun dengan semakin jauh dari tanah mineral. Nilai KTK berfluktuasi dan cenderung meningkat sesuai peningkatan kedalaman lapisan gambut dan jarak dari tanah mineral. Berdasarkan hasil pengukuran Mg dan Fe, hara yang berasal dari tanah mineral mempengaruhi gambut hingga jarak 600 m dari batas gambut. Tanah gambut mengandung Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, dan Zn tersedia dalam kadar tinggi dan K and Ca tersedia dalam kadar rendah. Hara Cu tersedia tergolong cukup pada semua kedalaman dan jarak kecuali kedalaman 60 – 90 cm dan jarak 600 meter. Kandungan hara benefisial Na menunjukkan korelasi positif dengan kedalaman lapisan gambut yang mengindikasikan pengaruh marin pada tanah mineral bawah gambut. Disparitas yang besar antara Mg dengan kation lain dapat mengganggu penyerapan hara oleh akar tanaman dan memungkinkan pencucian K dan Ca keluar dari solum.
Unduh
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Departemen Ilmu Tanah dan Sumberdaya Lahan, Fakultas Pertanian, IPB University
