FAKTOR-FAKTOR RISIKO DEPRESI PADA IBU PASCABERSALIN
The Risk Factors for Depression in Postpartum Moms
Abstract
Persalinan membawa berbagai perubahan yang dapat menyebabkan perempuan rentan mengalami depresi pascabersalin. Hal ini tidak hanya berdampak pada ibu tetapi juga pada individu lainnya seperti anak yang baru saja dilahirkan, anak lainnya, pasangan, bahkan anggota keluarga lainnya. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui faktor risiko psikologis depresi pascabersalin. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui survei sejak April-September 2022 pada ibu pascabersalin yang dipilih dengan teknik convenience sampling. Instrumen pengumpulan data berupa Alat Asesmen Ibu Postpartum (ASIP), Multidimensional of Perceived Social Support (MPSS), dan Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) yang diberikan kepada 359 sampel penelitian dengan kriteria perempuan berusia 18-40 tahun, pascamelahirkan dengan rentang waktu 4 minggu hingga 1 tahun, dan tidak pernah didiagnosis mengalami gangguan mental oleh profesional. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa regulasi emosi, kepuasan pernikahan, dan dukungan sosial menjadi faktor risiko depresi pascabersalin dalam penelitian ini. Sementara itu, lebih dari sepertiga ibu pascabersalin mengalami depresi kategori ringan (34,2%), sedangkan yang lainnya mengalami depresi kategori sedang (19,8%), bahkan depresi berat (5,6%). Implikasi penelitian terhadap faktor risiko depresi dibahas lebih lanjut dalam artikel ini
References
Adli, F. K. (2022). Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS): Deteksi dini dan skrining depresi postpartum. Jurnal Kesehatan, 13(2), 430–435. https://doi.org/10.26630/jk.v13i2.2741
Agrawal, I., Mehendale, A. M., & Malhotra, R. (2022). Risk factors of postpartum depression. Cureus, 14(10), e30898. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30898
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) (5th ed.). Marecan Psychiatric Publishing Arlington.
Aqila, A., & Dinni, S. M. (2022). Hubungan antara keikhlasan dan kematangan emosi dengan postpartum depression pada ibu Primipara. Psikologika: Jurnal Pemikiran dan Penelitian Psikologi, 27(2), 315–330. https://doi.org/10.20885/psikologika.vol27.iss2.art7
Ardiyanti, D., & Dinni, S. M. (2018). Aplikasi model Rasch dalam pengembangan instrumen deteksi dini postpartum depression. Jurnal Psikologi, 45(2), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.29818
Ardiyanti, D., & Dinni, S. M. (2019). Pengembangan ASIPP (Alat Asesmen Ibu Postpartum) menggunakan pemodelan Rasch. Jurnal Psikologi, 18(2), 116–136. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.29818
Ardiyanti, D., & Dinni, S. M. (2021). Alat Asesmen Ibu Postpartum (ASIPP). https://eprints.uad.ac.id/22446/1/Manual%20Book%20%20ASIPP.pdf
Badr, H. A., & Zauszniewski, J. A. (2017). Meta-analysis of the predictive factors of postpartum fatigue. Applied Nursing Research: ANR, 36, 122–127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnr.2017.06.010
Çankaya, S., & Atas, A. (2022). Factors affecting postpartum depression in Turkish women. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 41, 74–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.024
Compare, A., Zarbo, C., Shonin, E., Van Gordon, W., & Marconi, C. (2014). Emotional regulation and depression: A potential mediator between heart and mind. Cardiovascular Psychiatry and Neurology, 1(10),1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/324374
Dinni, S. M, & Ardiyanti, D. (2020). Predictors of postpartum depression: The role of emotion regulation, maternal self-confidence, and marital satisfaction on postpartum depression. Jurnal Psikologi, 47(3), 220–238. https://doi.org/10.22146/jpsi.46603
Dira, I. K. P. A., & Wahyuni, A. A. S. (2016). Prevalensi dan faktor risiko depresi postpartum di Kota Denpasar menggunakan Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. E-jurnal Medika, 5(7), 1–5. https://jurnal.harianregional.com/index.php/eum/article/view/21560
Dol, J., Richardson, B., Grant, A., Aston, M., McMillan, D., Tomblin Murphy, G., & Campbell‐Yeo, M. (2021). Influence of parity and infant age on maternal self‐efficacy, social support, postpartum anxiety, and postpartum depression in the first six months in the Maritime Provinces, Canada. Birth, 48(3), 438–447. https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12553
Easterbrooks, M. A., Kotake, C., Raskin, M., & Bumgarner, E. (2016). Patterns of depression among adolescent mothers: Resilience related to father support and home visiting program. The American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 86(1), 61–68. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000093
Fatmawati, A., & Gartika, N. (2019). Hubungan dukungan psikososial dan perencanaan kehamilan dengan kejadian postpartum blues pada ibu remaja. Jurnal BIMTAS: Jurnal Kebidanan Umtas, 3(2), 44–51. https://doi.org/10.35568/bimtas.v3i2.631
First, M. B. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th edition, and clinical utility. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(9), 727–9. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182a2168a
Garthus-Niegel, S., Ayers, S., Martini, J., von Soest, T., & Eberhard-Gran, M. (2017). The impact of postpartum post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms on child development: a population-based, 2-year follow-up study. Psychological Medicine, 47(1), 161–170. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003329171600235X.
Gross, J. J. (Ed.). (2014). Handbook of emotion regulation (2nd ed.). The Guilford Press.
Hairston, I. S., Solnik-Menilo, T., Deviri, D., & Handelzalts, J. E. (2016). Maternal depressed mood moderates the impact of infant sleep on mother-infant bonding. Archives of Women's Mental Health, 19(6), 1029–1039. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00737-016-0652-2
Handini, T. S., & Puspitarasi, N. (2021). Differences in postpartum maternal depression levels based on characteristics of maternal age and husband support. The Indonesian Journal of Public Health, 16(1), 124–133. https://doi.org/10.20473/ijph.v16i1.2021.124-133
Hasanah, R. A., & Latifah, M. (2021). Investigasi online resilience remaja: Eksplanasi peranan karakteristik remaja, karakteristik keluarga, kelekatan remaja-orang tua, regulasi emosi, dan hubungan persahabatan. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 14(3), 270–281. http://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2021.14.3.270
Hassert, S., Sharon, R.S., & Payakkakom, A., & Kodysova, E. (2018). Postpartum depressibe symtomps: Risk for Czech and Thai mothers. Journal Perinat Education, 22(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.1891/1058-1243.27.1.38
Hooley, J. M., Butcher, J. N., Nock, M. K., & Mineka, S. (2018). Psikologi abnormal. Salemba Humanika.
Hurlock, E. B. (2003). Psikologi perkembangan. Erlangga.
Islam, M. J., Broidy, L., Baird, K., Rahman, M., & Zobair, K. M. (2021). Early exclusive breastfeeding cessation and postpartum depression: Assessing the mediating and moderating role of maternal stress and social support. PLoS ONE, 16(5), e0251419. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251419
Kadir, A. A., Nordin, R., Ismail, S. B., Yaacob, M. J., & Rushidi, W. M. W. M. (2014). Validation of the Malay Version of Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale for postnatal women in Kelantan, Malaysia. Asia Pacific Family Medicine, 3(1-2), 9–18. http://www.apfmj-archive.com/vol3_1_2/Vol3_article2.pdf
Kementerian Kesehatan RI. (2018). Hasil utama RISKESDAS 2018. https://kesmas.kemkes.go.id/assets/upload/dir_519d41d8cd98f00/files/Hasil-riskesdas-2018_1274.pdf
Kurniasari, D., & Astuti, Y. A. (2015). Hubungan antara karakteristik ibu, kondisi bayi, dan dukungan sosial suami dengan postpartum blues pada ibu dengan persalinan SC di Rumah Sakit Umum Ahmad Yani Metro tahun 2014. Holistik Jurnal Kesehatan, 9(3), 115–125. https://doi.org/10.33024/hjk.v9i3.215
Leahy-Warren, P. (2014). Social support theory. In J. J. Fitzpatrick & G. McCarthy (Eds.), Theories guiding nursing research and practice: Making nursing knowledge development explicit, 85–101. Springer Publishing Company.
Marwiyah, N., Suwardiman, D., Mutia, H., Alkarimah, N., Rahayu, R., Nuraeni, N., & Uzzakiyyah, I. (2022). Determinant factors influencing the incidents of postpartum blues in puerperium mothers. Faletehan Health Journal, 9(01), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.33746/fhj.v9i01.298
McCabe-Beane, J. E., Segre, L. S., Perkhounkova, Y., Stuart, S., & O’Hara, M. W. (2016) The identification of severity ranges for the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Journal of Reproductive and Infant Psychology, 34(3), 293–303. https://doi.org/10.1080/02646838.2016.1141346
Murwati, M., Suroso, S., & Wahyuni, S. (2021). Faktor determinan depresi postpartum di wilayah Kabupaten Klaten Jawa Tengah. Jurnal Sipakalebbi, 5(1), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.24252/jsipakallebbi.v5i1.21074
Mustofa, A., Hapsari, A. N., Nabila, A., Putri, A. K., Nurissyita, A. M., & Prasetya, E. C. (2021). Faktor risiko depresi pascapersalinan di negara-negara Asia Tenggara. Medica Arteriana, 3(2), 62–67. https://doi.org/10.26714/medart.3.2.2021.1-6
Nasri, Z., Wibowo, A., & Ghozali, E. W. (2017). Faktor determinan depresi postpartum di Kabupaten Lombok Timur. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 20(3), 89–95. https://doi.org/110.22435/hsr.v20i3.6137.89-95
Norhayati, M. N., Hazlina, N. H., Asrenee, A. R., & Emilin, W. M. (2015). Magnitude and risk factors for postpartum symptoms: A literature review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 34–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.041
Nurbaeti, I., & Farida, I. (2021). Kepuasan pernikahan berhubungan dengan depresi pasca melahirkan. Jurnal Keperawatan Silampari, 5(1), 67–73. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31539/jks.v5i1.1971
Nurbaeti, I., Deoisres, W., & Hengudomsub, P. (2018). Postpartum depression in Indonesian Mothers: Its changes and predicting factors. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 22(2), 93–105. https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/PRIJNR/article/view/84760/88881
Nurbaeti, I., Deoisres, W., & Hengudomsub, P. (2019). Association between psychosocial factors and postpartum depression in South Jakarta, Indonesia. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare: Official Journal of the Swedish Association of Midwives, 20, 72–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2019.02.004
Nurfatimah, N., & Entoh, C. (2018). Hubungan faktor demografi dan dukungan sosial dengan depresi pascasalin. Jurnal Profesi Medika, 11(2), 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO978110741524.004
Nurfitriana, N., & Maidaliza, M. (2022). Analisa faktor-faktor resiko depresi postpartum di kecamatan Banda Sakti. Media Publikasi Promosi Kesehatan Indonesia (MPPKI), 5(8), 1020–1025. https://doi.org/10.56338/mppki.v5i8.2627
Okun, M. L. (2016). Disturbed sleep and postpartum depression. Current Psychiatry Reports, 18(7), 66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-016-0705-2
Olson, D. H., Defrain, J., & Skogrand, L. (2011). Marriages and families: Intimacy, diversity and strengths (7th ed.). McGraw-Hill.
Petzoldt, J., Wittchen, H. U., Einsle, F., & Martini, J. (2016). Maternal anxiety versus depressive disorders: specific relations to infants' crying, feeding and sleeping problems. Child: Care, Health and Development, 42(2), 231–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12292
Putriarsih, R., Budihastuti, U. R., & Murti, B. (2018). Prevalence and determinants of postpartum depression in Sukoharjo District, Central Java. Journal of Maternal and Child Health, 3(1), 395–408. https://doi.org/10.26911/thejmch.2017.03.01.02
Qi, W., Liu, Y., Lv, H., Ge, J., Meng, Y., Zhao, N., Zhao, F., Gue, G., & Hu, J. (2022). Effects of family relationship and social support on the mental health of Chinese postpartum women. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth, 22(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04392-w
Rahmananda, R., Adiyanti, M. G., & Sari, E. P. (2022). Kepuasan pernikahan pada istri generasi milenial di sepuluh tahun awal pernikahan. Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen, 15(2), 102–116. https://doi.org/10.24156/jikk.2022.15.2.102
Sari, D, M., & Hardiansyah, E. (2015). Husband's social support for mothers with postpartum depression after giving birth to their first child. Psikologia, 3(1), 19–28. https://doi.org/10.21070/psikologia.v3i1.108
Setiawati, D. N., Purnamawati, D., Dainy, N. C., Andriyani., & Effendi, R. (2020). Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kejadian depresi postpartum di Kabupaten Bogor tahun 2019. Muhammadiyah Public Health Journal, 1(1), 10–16. http://doi.org/10.24853/mphj.v1i1.7019
Shukri, M. N., Senjaya, O., Zainudin, Z., Mohamed., M., & Abdullah, F. I. S. (2022) The associations of breastfeeding and postnatal experiences with postpartum depression among mothers of hospitalized infants in Tertiary Hospitals. Cureus, 14(9), e29425. https://doi.org/110.7759/cureus.29425
Slomian, J., Honvo, G., Emonts, P., Reginster, J. Y., & Bruyère, O. (2019). Consequences of maternal postpartum depression: A systematic review of maternal and infant outcomes. Women's health (London, England), 15, 1745506519844044. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745506519844044
Smith-Nielsen, J., Tharner, A., Krogh, M. T., & Vaever, M. S. (2016). Effects of maternal postpartum depression in a well-resourced sample: Early concurrent and long-term effects on infant cognitive, language, and motor development. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 57(6), 571–583. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12321
Söğüt, M., & Köse, A. (2023). The exploration of maternal self-efficacy: The role of childhood traumas, adult attachment and cognitive flexibility. Ahmet Keleşoğlu Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi (AKEF) Dergisi, 5(3), 1438–1450. http://doi.org/10.38151/akef.2023.119
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. (2016) Postpartum depression. The New England Journal of Medicine, 375, 2177–2186. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMcp1607649
Stewart, D. E., & Vigod, S. N. (2019). Postpartum depression: Pathophysiology, treatment, and emerging therapeutics. Annual Review of Medicine, 70, 183–196. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-med-041217-011106
Sugiyono. (2015). Metode penelitian kombinasi (Mix methods). Alfabeta.
Upadhyay, R. P., Chowdhury, R., Salehi, A., Sarkar, K., Singh, S. K., Sinha, B., Pawar, A., Rajalakshmi, A. K., & Kumar, A. (2017). Postpartum depression in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 95(10), 706. https://doi.org/10.2471/BLT.17.192237
Visted, E., Vøllestad, J., Nielsen, M. B., & Schanche, E. (2018). Emotion regulation in current and remitted depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(756), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00756
Wakamatsu, M., Nakamura, M., Douchi, T., Kasugai, M., Kodama, S., Sano, A., & Kobayashi, H. (2021). Predicting postpartum depression by evaluating temperament during pregnancy. Journal of Affective Disorders, 292, 720–724. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2021.05.106
Wang, Z., Liu, J., Shuai, H., Cai, Z., Fu, X., Liu, Y., Xiao, X., Zhang, W., Krabbendam, E., Liu, S., Liu, Z., Li, Z., & Yang, B. X. (2021). Mapping global prevalence of depression among postpartum women. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 543. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-021-01663-6
Webber, E., & Benedict, J. (2019). Postpartum depression: A multi-disciplinary approach to screening, management and breastfeeding support. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 33(3), 284–289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2019.01.008
Wiyanto, B. E., & Ambarwati, K. D. (2021). Dukungan sosial dan postpartum depression pada ibu suku Jawa. Psychopreneur Journal, 5(2), 68–79. https://doi.org/10.37715/psy.v5i2.2270
Wong, D. L., Perry, S. E., & Hockenberry, M. J. (2022). Maternal child nursing care (2nd ed.). Mosby Elsevier.
Wurisastuti, T., & Mubasyrioh, R. (2020). Peran dukungan sosial pada ibu dengan gejala depresi dalam periode pasca persalinan. Buletin Penelitian Sistem Kesehatan, 23(3), 161–168. https://doi.org/10.22435/hsr.v23i3.3610
Yim, I. S., Stapleton, L. R. T., Guardino, C. M., Hahn-Holbrook, J., & Schetter, C. D. (2015). Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: Systematic review and call for integration. Annual Review Clinical Psychology, 11, 99–137. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426
Yu, M., Sampson, M., Liu, Y., & Rubin, A. (2021). A longitudinal study of the stress-buffering effect of social support on postpartum depression: A structural equation modeling approach. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 34(6), 751–765. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2021.1921160
Yulianty, N. (2018). Kepuasan perkawinan pada ibu yang mengalami depresi pasca persalinan di komunitas Mother Hope Indonesia. Jurnal Ilmiah Penelitian Psikologi, 4(2), 87–94. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.22236/JIPP-50
Zietlow, A. L., Schluter, M. K., Nonnenmacher, N., Muller, Mitho., & Reck, C. (2014). Maternal self confidence postpartum and at preschool age: The role of depression, anxiety disorders, maternal attachment insecurity. Maternal and Child Health Journal, 18(8), 1873–1880. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-014-1431-1
Zimet, G. D., Dahlem, N. W., Zimet, S. G., & Farley, G. K. (1988). The multidimensional scale of perceived social support. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa5201_2
Zubaran, C., & Foresti, K. (2013). The correlation between breastfeeding self-efficacy and maternal postpartum depression in southern Brazil. Sexual & Reproductive Healthcare, 4(1), 9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.srhc.2012.12.001
Copyright (c) 2024 Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors submitting manuscripts should understand and agree that copyright of manuscripts published are held Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga & Konsumen. The statement to release the copyright to Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen is stated in Copyright Release Form. Copyright encompass exclusive rights to reproduce, to distribute, and to sell any part of the journal articles in all form and media. The reproduction of any part of this journal is allowed with a written permission from Jurnal Ilmu Keluarga dan Konsumen.
