The Therapeutic Effects of West Indian Elm (Guazuma ulmifolia) Leaf Extract on Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Wistar Rats
Article Sidebar
Issue
Vol. 18 No. 2 (2023)
Accepted
23 May 2023
Published
31 July 2023
Keywords:
-
atherosclerosis, histopathology, orlistat, west indian elm leaf
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the therapeutic effect of West Indian elm leaf extract on coronary artery atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemia Wistar rats. Cholesterol, a key factor in the pathophysiology of coronary heart disease, is present in fat-containing diets. Orlistat is one of the medications that can reduce blood cholesterol levels, but since it has side effects, herbs are more preferable to it. One such herbal plant, West Indian elm (Guazuma ulmifolia), contains tannins, saponins, alkaloids, and flavonoids, secondary metabolites that carry the properties necessary to reduce blood cholesterol levels, in its leaves. In this experimental study, which focused on histopathological parameters to see the scale of progression of coronary artery atherosclerosis, 30 Wistar rats were induced with a high-fat diet and divided into 6 sample groups, consisting of three control groups (normal, negative, and positive) and three treatment groups (which received a West Indian elm leaf extract at 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 g/kgBW). Significant results were obtained from both Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p<0.05) between the negative control group and the positive control group, between the negative control group and treatment group 2 (0.4 g/kgBW), and between the negative control group and treatment group 3 (0.8 g/kgBW). In conclusion, this study proved that West Indian elm (Guazuma ulmifolia) leaf extract reduces the development of coronary atherosclerosis and shares a similarity in therapeutic effect with orlistat.
References
Aziz M, Yadav KS. 2016. Pathogenesis of atherosclerosis a review. Med Clin Rev 2(3):1‒6. https://doi.org/10.21767/2471-299X.1000031
Bansal AB, Khalili YA. 2022. Orlistat. Treasure Island (US): StatPearls Publishing. Cardiff RD, Miller CH, Munn RJ. 2014. Manual hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse tissue sections. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014(6):655‒658. https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot073411
Ciumărnean L, Milaciu MV, Runcan O, Vesa ȘC, Răchișan AL, Negrean V, Perné MG, Donca VI, Alexescu TG, Para I, Dogaru G. 2020. The effects of flavonoids in cardiovascular diseases. Molecules 25(18):4320. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184320
[FK UNPAD] Faculty of Medicine Padjajaran University. 2016. Panduan Laboratorium Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajaran. Bandung (ID): FK UNPAD.
Harijati N, Samino S, Indriyani S, Soewondo A. 2017. Mikroteknik Dasar. Malang (ID): Universitas Brawijaya Press.
Jesch ED, Carr TP. 2017. Food ingredients that inhibit cholesterol absorption. Prev Nutr Food Sci 22(2):67‒80. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67
Johansson A, Drake I, Engström G, Acosta S. 2021. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for atherothrombotic ischemic stroke among subjects in the malmö diet and cancer study. Nutrients 13(6):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061952
Kandaswamy E, Zuo L. 2018. Molecular sciences recent advances in treatment of coronary artery disease: Role of science and technology. Int J Mol Sci 19(2):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020424
Kabiri N, Asgary S, Setorki M. 2011. Lipid lowering by hydroalcoholic extracts of Amaranthus caudatus L. induces regression of rabbits atherosclerotic lesions. Lipids Health Dis 10(1):1‒8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-10-89
Khan MA, Hashim MJ, Mustafa H, Baniyas MY, Al Suwaidi SKBM, AlKatheeri R, Alblooshi FMK, Almatrooshi MEAH, Alzaabi MEH, Al Darmaki RS et al. 2020. Global epidemiology of ischemic heart disease: Results from the global burden of disease study. Cureus 12(7). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9349
Kumar NS, Gurunani SG. 2019. Guazuma ulmifolia LAM: A review for future view. J Med Plants Stud 7:205‒210. Lechner K, Mckenzie AL, Kränkel N, Von Schacky C, Worm N, Nixdorff U, Lechner B, Scherr J, Weingärtner O, Krauss RM. 2020. High-risk atherosclerosis and metabolic phenotype: The roles of ectopic adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 18(4):176‒185. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2019.0115
Lumbantobing ZR, Muhartono M, Mutiara UG. 2019. Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk.) Sebagai terapi alternatif obesitas. Jurnal Medula 8(2):161‒167.
Nahor EM, Rumagit BI, Tou HY. 2020. Perbandingan Rendemen Ekstrak Etanol Daun Andong (Cordyline futicosa L.) Menggunakan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi dan Sokhletasi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tahun 2020 (page 40‒44), 2 December 2020. Manado (ID): Poltekkes Kemenkes Manado.
Nurdin NM, Rimbawan R, Marliyati SA, Martianto D, Subangkit M. 2016. Akumulasi lipid hati dan profil lipid darah tikus sprague dawley yang diintervensi minyak super olein dan olein. J Gizi Pangan 11(1):67‒74. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2016.11.1.%25p
Pang Z, Chen J, Wang T, Gao C, Li Z, Guo L, Xu J, Cheng Y. 2021. Linking plant secondary metabolites and plant microbiomes: A review. Front Plant Sci 12:621276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.621276
Prahastuti S, Hidayat M, Hasiana ST, Widowati W, Widodo WS, Handayani RAS, Rizal R, Kusuma HSW. 2020. The ethanol extract of the bastard cedar (Guazuma ulmifolia L.) as antioxidants. Pharmaciana 10(1):77‒88. https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v10i1.13636
Qi X. 2018. Review of the clinical effect of orlistat. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 301(1):012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/301/1/012063
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Setorki M, Doudi M, Baradaran A, Nasri H. 2014. Atherosclerosis: Process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes. Int J Prev Med 5(8):927‒946.
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP et al. 2020. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990‒2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 76(25):2982‒3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
Rozqie R, Diah M, Rukmi W. 2012. The effect of jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) leaves extract on histopathology of rat's kidney Tropical Medicine Journal 2(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/tmj.4316
Schoeneck M, Iggman D. 2021. The effects of foods on ldl cholesterol levels: A systematic review of the accumulated evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 31(5):1325‒1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032
Sengupta P. 2013. The laboratory rat: Relating its age with human's. Int J Prev Med 4(6):624‒630.
Severino P, D'amato A, Pucci M, Infusino, F, Adamo F, Birtolo LI, Netti L, MontefuscoG, Chimenti C, Lavalle C et al. 2020. Molecular sciences ischemic heart disease pathophysiology paradigms overview: From plaque activation to microvascular dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 21(21):8118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218118
Thadeus MS, Fauziah C, Zulfa F, Anisah A. 2019. The Effect of Red Dragon Fruit Extract (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Liver Tissue Damage Triggered by Hyperlipidemia in White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus). Procedings of the 5th International Conference on Health Sciences (ICHS 2018) (page 169‒177), 4 November 2018. Yogyakarta (ID): Poltekes Kemenekes Yogyakarta.
Whika FD, Leni R, Ismi R. 2017. Rendemen dan skrining fitokimia pada ekstrak daun Sanseviera sp. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan 17(3):197‒202. https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v17i3.336
Widiyatno Y, Muniroh L. 2018. Dampak pemberian minyak goreng mengandung residu plastik isopropyl terhadap blood urea nitrogen creatine tikus putih galur wistar. Agroveteriner 7(1):15‒24.
Yulianti R, Astari VR. 2020. Efektivitas ekstrak daun sirsak (Annona muricata) dan latihan fisik serta kombinasi terhadap kadar malondialdehid hepar pada model tikus hiperkolesterolemia-diabetes Jurnal Kesehatan 13(1):11‒18. https://doi.org/10.32763/juke.v13i1.173
Zulkarnain MR. 2018. Exclusion of dietary cholesterol from the specific food restrictions: A Review in Indonesia. Jurnal Sains Boga 1(1):1‒11. https://doi.org/10.21009/JSB.001.1.01
Bansal AB, Khalili YA. 2022. Orlistat. Treasure Island (US): StatPearls Publishing. Cardiff RD, Miller CH, Munn RJ. 2014. Manual hematoxylin and eosin staining of mouse tissue sections. Cold Spring Harb Protoc 2014(6):655‒658. https://doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot073411
Ciumărnean L, Milaciu MV, Runcan O, Vesa ȘC, Răchișan AL, Negrean V, Perné MG, Donca VI, Alexescu TG, Para I, Dogaru G. 2020. The effects of flavonoids in cardiovascular diseases. Molecules 25(18):4320. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules25184320
[FK UNPAD] Faculty of Medicine Padjajaran University. 2016. Panduan Laboratorium Fakultas Kedokteran Universitas Padjajaran. Bandung (ID): FK UNPAD.
Harijati N, Samino S, Indriyani S, Soewondo A. 2017. Mikroteknik Dasar. Malang (ID): Universitas Brawijaya Press.
Jesch ED, Carr TP. 2017. Food ingredients that inhibit cholesterol absorption. Prev Nutr Food Sci 22(2):67‒80. https://doi.org/10.3746/pnf.2017.22.2.67
Johansson A, Drake I, Engström G, Acosta S. 2021. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors for atherothrombotic ischemic stroke among subjects in the malmö diet and cancer study. Nutrients 13(6):1952. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13061952
Kandaswamy E, Zuo L. 2018. Molecular sciences recent advances in treatment of coronary artery disease: Role of science and technology. Int J Mol Sci 19(2):424. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19020424
Kabiri N, Asgary S, Setorki M. 2011. Lipid lowering by hydroalcoholic extracts of Amaranthus caudatus L. induces regression of rabbits atherosclerotic lesions. Lipids Health Dis 10(1):1‒8. https://doi.org/10.1186/1476-511X-10-89
Khan MA, Hashim MJ, Mustafa H, Baniyas MY, Al Suwaidi SKBM, AlKatheeri R, Alblooshi FMK, Almatrooshi MEAH, Alzaabi MEH, Al Darmaki RS et al. 2020. Global epidemiology of ischemic heart disease: Results from the global burden of disease study. Cureus 12(7). https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.9349
Kumar NS, Gurunani SG. 2019. Guazuma ulmifolia LAM: A review for future view. J Med Plants Stud 7:205‒210. Lechner K, Mckenzie AL, Kränkel N, Von Schacky C, Worm N, Nixdorff U, Lechner B, Scherr J, Weingärtner O, Krauss RM. 2020. High-risk atherosclerosis and metabolic phenotype: The roles of ectopic adiposity, atherogenic dyslipidemia, and inflammation. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 18(4):176‒185. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2019.0115
Lumbantobing ZR, Muhartono M, Mutiara UG. 2019. Jati Belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk.) Sebagai terapi alternatif obesitas. Jurnal Medula 8(2):161‒167.
Nahor EM, Rumagit BI, Tou HY. 2020. Perbandingan Rendemen Ekstrak Etanol Daun Andong (Cordyline futicosa L.) Menggunakan Metode Ekstraksi Maserasi dan Sokhletasi. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Tahun 2020 (page 40‒44), 2 December 2020. Manado (ID): Poltekkes Kemenkes Manado.
Nurdin NM, Rimbawan R, Marliyati SA, Martianto D, Subangkit M. 2016. Akumulasi lipid hati dan profil lipid darah tikus sprague dawley yang diintervensi minyak super olein dan olein. J Gizi Pangan 11(1):67‒74. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2016.11.1.%25p
Pang Z, Chen J, Wang T, Gao C, Li Z, Guo L, Xu J, Cheng Y. 2021. Linking plant secondary metabolites and plant microbiomes: A review. Front Plant Sci 12:621276. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2021.621276
Prahastuti S, Hidayat M, Hasiana ST, Widowati W, Widodo WS, Handayani RAS, Rizal R, Kusuma HSW. 2020. The ethanol extract of the bastard cedar (Guazuma ulmifolia L.) as antioxidants. Pharmaciana 10(1):77‒88. https://doi.org/10.12928/pharmaciana.v10i1.13636
Qi X. 2018. Review of the clinical effect of orlistat. IOP Conf Ser: Mater Sci Eng 301(1):012063. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/301/1/012063
Rafieian-Kopaei M, Setorki M, Doudi M, Baradaran A, Nasri H. 2014. Atherosclerosis: Process, indicators, risk factors and new hopes. Int J Prev Med 5(8):927‒946.
Roth GA, Mensah GA, Johnson CO, Addolorato G, Ammirati E, Baddour LM, Barengo NC, Beaton, Benjamin EJ, Benziger CP et al. 2020. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990‒2019: Update from the GBD 2019 Study. J Am Coll Cardiol 76(25):2982‒3021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2020.11.010
Rozqie R, Diah M, Rukmi W. 2012. The effect of jati belanda (Guazuma ulmifolia Lamk) leaves extract on histopathology of rat's kidney Tropical Medicine Journal 2(1). https://doi.org/10.22146/tmj.4316
Schoeneck M, Iggman D. 2021. The effects of foods on ldl cholesterol levels: A systematic review of the accumulated evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 31(5):1325‒1338. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2020.12.032
Sengupta P. 2013. The laboratory rat: Relating its age with human's. Int J Prev Med 4(6):624‒630.
Severino P, D'amato A, Pucci M, Infusino, F, Adamo F, Birtolo LI, Netti L, MontefuscoG, Chimenti C, Lavalle C et al. 2020. Molecular sciences ischemic heart disease pathophysiology paradigms overview: From plaque activation to microvascular dysfunction. Int J Mol Sci 21(21):8118. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218118
Thadeus MS, Fauziah C, Zulfa F, Anisah A. 2019. The Effect of Red Dragon Fruit Extract (Hylocereus Polyrhizus) on Membrane Lipid Peroxidation and Liver Tissue Damage Triggered by Hyperlipidemia in White Rats (Rattus Norvegicus). Procedings of the 5th International Conference on Health Sciences (ICHS 2018) (page 169‒177), 4 November 2018. Yogyakarta (ID): Poltekes Kemenekes Yogyakarta.
Whika FD, Leni R, Ismi R. 2017. Rendemen dan skrining fitokimia pada ekstrak daun Sanseviera sp. Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian Terapan 17(3):197‒202. https://doi.org/10.25181/jppt.v17i3.336
Widiyatno Y, Muniroh L. 2018. Dampak pemberian minyak goreng mengandung residu plastik isopropyl terhadap blood urea nitrogen creatine tikus putih galur wistar. Agroveteriner 7(1):15‒24.
Yulianti R, Astari VR. 2020. Efektivitas ekstrak daun sirsak (Annona muricata) dan latihan fisik serta kombinasi terhadap kadar malondialdehid hepar pada model tikus hiperkolesterolemia-diabetes Jurnal Kesehatan 13(1):11‒18. https://doi.org/10.32763/juke.v13i1.173
Zulkarnain MR. 2018. Exclusion of dietary cholesterol from the specific food restrictions: A Review in Indonesia. Jurnal Sains Boga 1(1):1‒11. https://doi.org/10.21009/JSB.001.1.01
Authors
RamadhansyahR., ThadeusM. S., MuktamirohH., & HardiniN. (2023). The Therapeutic Effects of West Indian Elm (Guazuma ulmifolia) Leaf Extract on Coronary Artery Atherosclerosis in Hypercholesterolemic Wistar Rats. Jurnal Gizi Dan Pangan, 18(2), 109-116. https://doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2023.18.2.109-116
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Article Details
