Improving the Rumen Molar Proportion of Glucogenic Volatile Fatty Acids with the Inclusion of Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Meal in Pelleted Diet of Fattened Cattle
Abstract
The objective of this metabolism study was to evaluate the efficacy of Siam weed (Chromolaena odorata) meal in pelleted diets for fattened cattle. Four 2-year-old Bali steers were assigned to four dietary treatments using a 4x4 Latin square experimental design. The treatments were pellets containing chromolaena meal at 10% (10COM), 20% (20COM), 30% (30COM), or 40% (40COM). The pellet was given at 2% liveweight (LW), and kume (Sorghum plumosum var. Timorense) grass hay was offered ad libitum. The diets were isonitrogenous (20%) and energy (11.5 MJ ME/kg DM). Dietary intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation were the variables measured. The results showed that increasing chromolaena meal to 40% substantially decreased the nutrient intake. Dry matter intake decreased from 2.5% LW in the 10COM to 2.19% LW in the 40COM. Likewise, crude protein intake decreased from 749 g/d (10COM) to 661 g/d (40COM). On the contrary, digestibility, rumen pH, ammonia concentration (116–125 mg/dL), and volatile fatty acids were not affected. It might be concluded that chromolaena can be used as a protein source for ruminants, but at high levels of inclusion (40%) tends to reduce intake.
References
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IBM. 2017. SPSS Statistics Version 25. International Business Machines Corporation. Armonk NY, USA.
Jayanegara A, F. Leiber, & M. Kreuzer. 2012. Meta-analysis of the relationship between dietary tannin level and methane formation in ruminants from in vivo and in vitro experiments. Anim. Physiol. Anim. Nut. 96:365e75. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0396.2011.01172.x
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Kitkas, G. C, G. E. Valergakis, M. Kritsepi-Konstantinou, A. I. Gelasakis, P. D. Katsoulos, E. Kalaitzakis, & N. K. Panousis. 2022. Association between ruminal pH and rumen fatty acids concentrations of Holstein cows during the first half of lactation. Ruminants 2:382–389. https://doi.org/10.3390/ruminants2040026
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Lartey, K. A., Dan-Ju, Qiao-Hui, Zhang, Chao-Qun, S., F. Yang, L. Hong-Ying, & Ch. Jin-Jun. 2020. Chromolaena odorata as a potential feed additive bioresource to alleviate heat stress in chickens in the humid tropics. Worlds Poult. Sci. J. 76:119-133. https://doi.org/10.1080/00439339.2020.1729673
Lopes, A. S. M., J. S. de Oliveira, G. F. L. Cruz, D.S. Vieira, F. N. S. Santos, M. L. P. Lemos, J. K. Pinheiro, L. S. de Sousa, C. J. B. de Oliveira, & E. M. Santos. 2023. Effects of non-protein nitrogen on buffel grass fiber and ruminal bacterial composition in sheep. Livest. Sci. 272:105237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2023.105237
Martins, L. F., S. F. Cueva, C. F. A. Lage, M. Ramin, T. Silvestre, J. Tricarico, & A. N. Hristov. 2024. A meta-analysis of methane-mitigation potential of feed additives evaluated in vitro. J. Dairy Sci. 107:288-300. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0302(23)00819-6
Miller, M. D., J. S. Lanier, S. K. Kvidera, H. M. Dann, C. S. Ballard, & R. J. Grant. 2020. Evaluation of source of corn silage and trace minerals on rumen characteristics and passage rate of Holstein cows. J. Dairy Sci. 103:8864–8879. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2020-18490
Min, B. R., S. Solaiman, H. M. Waldrip, D. Parker, R. W. Todd, & D. Brauer. 2020. Dietary mitigation of enteric methane emissions from ruminants: A review of plant tannin mitigation options. Anim. Nutrition 6:231-246. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2020.05.002
Morgavi, D. P., G. Cantalapiedra-Hijar, E. C. Martin, P. Noziere, M. Popova, I. Ortigues-Marty, R. Muñoz-Tamayo, & E. M. Ungerfeld. 2023. Review: Reducing enteric methane emissions improves energy metabolism in livestock: Is the tenet right? Animal 17:100830. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2023.100830
Moss, A. R., J-P. Jouany, & J. Noewbold. 2000. Methane production by ruminants: Its contribution to global warming. Annales De Zootechnie 49:231–253. https://doi.org/10.1051/animres:2000119
Mulik, Y. M., M. Ridla, I. Prihantoro, & M. L. Mullik. 2016. Anaerobic fermentation effectively reduces concentration of total tannins in Siam Weed (Chromolaenan odorata). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak Veteriner 21:19-21. https://doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v21i1.1301
Newbold, C. J. & E. Ramos-Morales. 2020. Review: Ruminal microbiome and microbial metabolome: Effects of diet and ruminant host. Animal 14:s78-s86. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731119003252
Ngozi, I. M., I. C. Jude, & I. C. Catherine. 2009. Chemical profile of Chromolaena odorata L. (King and Robinson) leaves. Pak. J. Nutr. 8:521-524. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2009.521.524
NRC. 2016. Nutrient Requirement of Beef Cattle. 8th Revised Edition. National Academy Press.
Oematan, G., E. Hartati, M. L. Mullik, & N. Taratiba. 2020. Bio- the nutritional values of Chromolena odorata utilization as Bali cattle feed source. Int. J. Sci. Res. 9:1524-1533.
Oematan, G. 2020. Optimation of the Rumen Biofermentation and Growth of Bali Cattle using Chromolaena odorata Supplemented with Hydroxy Metheonine Analogue and Unsaturated Fatty Acid. PhD Thesis. Universitas Nusa Cendana, Indonesia.
OISC. 2018. Survey and Control of Chromolaena odorata in the Kahuku Training Area, O‘ahu, Hawai‘i Annual Progress Report October 1, 2017—March 31.
Olawale, F., K. Olofinsan, & O. Iwaloye. 2022. Biological activities of Chromolaena odorata: A mechanistic review. S. Afr. J. Bot. 144:44-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2021.09.001
Olijhoek, D. W., A. L. F. Hellwing, S. J. Noel, P. Lund, M. Larsen, M. R. Weisbjerg, & C. F. Børsting. 2022. Feeding up to 91% concentrate to Holstein and Jersey dairy cows: Effects on enteric methane emission, rumen fermentation and bacterial community, digestibility, production, and feeding behavior. J. Dairy Sci. 105:9523–9541. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2021-21676
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Authors
MullikM. L., DatoT. O. D., MulikY. M., & OematanG. (2024). Improving the Rumen Molar Proportion of Glucogenic Volatile Fatty Acids with the Inclusion of Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) Meal in Pelleted Diet of Fattened Cattle. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 47(1), 97-103. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2024.47.1.97
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