Factors Affecting the Competence of Cocoa Farmers in Central Sulawesi Province
Abstract
Cocoa is a pre-eminent commodity in Indonesia after oil palm and rubber. However, there has not been much improvement in production due to the lack of technological improvement and lack of extension support in increasing the competence of cocoa farmers. This study aims to: (1) analyze the characteristics of cocoa farmers, extension roles, and competence of cocoa farmers, (2) to analyze the effect of farmer characteristics and extension service role on cocoa farmers competency level, (3) analyze the extension approach in improving farmers’ competence. The study was conducted in four districts in Central Sulawesi Province, namely Poso, Sigi, North Morowali and Donggala districts. Cluster random sampling technique was applied with relatively advanced and less developed village clusters in each district. The total research samples were 380. Data were analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling(SEM). The results show that the level of competence of low cocoa farmers is caused by the weakness to cosmopolitan. In addition, the low competence is due to the weak role of extension personal as communicator, advisor, dynamics role, motivator, organizer, and educator. Efforts to increase farmer's competence require their cosmopolitan improvement and extension personal roles as communicators, advisors, motivators, organizers, educators and dynamic role.
Downloads
References
Alex G, Zijp W, dan Byerlee DA. 2002. Rural Extension and Advisory Services. New Directions . Rural Development Strategy Background Paper 9. Washington DC. Agriculture dan Rural Development Department. World Bank.
Altalb AAT, Filipek T, dan Skowron P. 2015. The Role of Agricultural Extension in The Transfer and Adoption of Agricultural Technologies. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Food Sciences. 3(5):2321–1571.
Atari D, Yiridoe E, Smale S, dan Diunker P. 2009. What Motivates Farmers to Participate in the Nova Scotia Environmental Farm Plan Program? Evidence and Environmental Policy Implications. Journal Environmental Management. 90(2):1269–1279.
Aneani F, Anchirinah VM, Owusu Ansah F, dan Asamoah M. 2012. Adoption of Some Cocoa Production Technologies by Cocoa Farmers in Ghana. Journal Sustainable Agriculture Research. 1(1):103–117.
Anosike N, Coughenour CM. 1990. The Socioeconomic Basis of Farm Enterprise Diversification Decisions. Journal of Rural Sociology. 55 (1):1–24.
Cartwright S, Case P, Gallagher T, dan Hathaway R. 2002. Extension's Role in Responding to Community Crisis: Lessons from Klamath Falls, Oregon. Feature Articles. 40:6.
Frawley J, Reidy K. 1986. An Approach to Identify Different Categories of Farmers: an Illustration of The Use of Discriminant Analysis. Irish Journal of Agricultural Economics and Rural Sociology. 11(1):35–47.
Harijati S. 2007. Potensi dan Pengembangan Kompetensi Agribisnis Petani Berlahan Sempit: Kasus Petani Sayuran di Kota dan Pinggiran Jakarta dan Bandung [disertasi]. Bogor (ID) Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Hashemi SM, Hosseini SM, dan Damalas CA. 2009. Farmers’ Competence and Training Needs on Pest Management Practices: Participation in Extension Workshops. Journal Crop Protection. 28 (2): 934–939.
Landini F, Brites W, dan Maria IMR. 2017. Towards a New Paradigm for Rural Extensionists’ In-Service Training. Journal of Rural Studies. 51: 158–167.
Landini F. 2016. How To Be a Good Rural Extensionist. Reflections and Contributions of Argentine Practitioners. Journal of Rural Studies. 43(1):193–202.
Moores TT, Chang JC. 2009. Self Efficacy, Overconfidence and the Negative Effect on Subsequent Performance: a Field Study. Journal Information Management. 46(2):69–76.
Mossie M, Meseret B. 2015. A Review on the Role of Extension Service for Agricultural Transformation with Particular Emphasis on Ethiopia. Journal of Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development. 2(1): 224–228.
Ofuoku AU. 2012. Influence of Extension Agents’ and Farmers Communications Factors on the Effectiveness Poultry Technology Messages. Journal Agricultural Research and Extension. 15(1):14–23.
Oladele OI (2006) Multilinguality of Farm Broadcast and Agricultural Information Access in Nigeria. Nordic Journal of African Studies 15(2):199–205.
Ogunleye KY dan Oladeji JO. 2007. Choice of Cocoa Market Channels Among Cocoa Farmers in ILA Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria. Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research. 2(1): 14–20.
Rogers EM. 2003. Diffusion of Innovations. 5th ed. Simon and Schuster Inc. New York (NY): NC. USA.
Raison B. 2010. Educators or Facilitators? Clarifying Extension's Role in the Emerging Local Food Systems Movement. 48(3):1–5.
Sapar, Jahi A, Asngari PS., Amiruddin, dan Purnaba IGP. 2012. Kinerja Penyuluh Pertanian dan Dampaknya pada Kompetensi Petani Kakao di Empat Wilayah Sulawesi Selatan. J urnal P enyuluhan. 8 (1): 29–41.
Sadono D. 2008. Pemberdayaan Petani: Paradigma Baru Penyuluhan Pertanian di Indonesia. Jurnal Penyuluhan. 4(1):65 – 74.
Smithers J, Furman M. 2003. Environmental Farm Planning in Ontario: Exploring Participation and the Endurance of Change. Journal of Land Use Policy. 20(4):343-356.
Sumardjo. 1999. Transformasi Model Penyuluhan Pertanian Menuju Pengembangan Kemandirian Petani: Kasus di Provinsi Jawa Barat [disertasi]. Bogor (ID): Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Schuler J, Sheldon KM, Frohlich SM. 2010. Implicit Need for Achievement Moderates the Relationship Between Felt Competence and Subsequent Motivation. Journal of Research in Personality. 44(1):1–12.
Tjitropranoto P. 2005. Penyuluhan pertanian: Masa Kini dan Masa Depan.” dalam: Membentuk Pola Perilaku Manusia Pembangunan. Diedit oleh: Ida Yustina dan Adjat Sudradjat. Bogor [ID]: Institut Pertanian Bogor Press.
Terry BD, Israel GD. 2004. Agent Performance and Customer Satisfaction. Journal of Extension. 42 (6) [internet]. [dapat diunduh di https://ww.joe.org/joe/2004decemeber/ a4.php]
Vancouver JB, Thompson CM, Tischner EC, Putka DJ. 2002. Two Studies Examining the Negative Effect of Self Efficacy on Performance. Journal of Applied Psychology. 87 (3):506–516.
Vancouver JB, Kendall LN. 2006. When Self Efficacy Negatively Relates to Motivation and Performance in a Learning Context. Journal of Applied Psychology. 91(5):1146–1153.
Articles published in Jurnal Penyuluhan are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license. You are free to copy, transform, or redistribute articles for any lawful purpose in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation, link to the DOI, indicate if changes were made, and redistribute any derivative work under the same license. Copyright on articles is retained by the respective author(s), without restrictions. A non-exclusive license is granted to Jurnal Penyuluhan to publish the article and identify itself as its original publisher, along with the commercial right to include the article in a hardcopy issue for sale to libraries and individuals.