Commercialization and tourism: Challenges in sustainable wildlife animal conservation-based Theme Park management in Central Java area
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the impact, challenges, and concept of ecotourism in managing theme parks based on sustainable wildlife animal conservation in Central Java. This research uses qualitative exploratory research. Data collection techniques include in-depth interviews and direct observation as primary data, while documentation, questionnaires, and literature studies are secondary data. Data analysis is divided into several stages: data coding, finding patterns, labeling themes, and developing category systems. The results showed that, first, positive impacts were obtained from conservation and sustainable tourism. Second, management challenges include external (outside the company scope) and internal (within the company scope). The external challenge most often faced by managers is the behavior of tourists who do not comply with the appeal in the theme park area. Meanwhile, the most crucial internal challenge is insufficient funding sources for the management and development of infrastructure. Third, ecotourism offers an alternative concept for sustainable management of theme parks economically and in conservation but requires large funds for realization.
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American Planning Association. 2003. How Cities Use Parks for Economic Development. City Park Forum Report.
Amutsindela, M., M. Spierenburg, and H. Wels. 2011. Sponsoring nature: Environmental philanthropy for conservation. Oxon: Earthscan.
Anugrahani, Nur. 2016. Jurug Woodland Zoo (Redesain Taman Satwa taru Jurug dengan Pendekatan Ruang Terbuka pada Habitat Satwa). Tugas Akhir, Program Studi Arsitektur Fakultas Teknik, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta.
Belicia, Teo X.Y., & Islam, Md Saiful. 2018. Towards a Decommodified Wildlife Tourism: Why Market Environmentalism Is Not Enough for Conservation. Societies, 8, 59; doi:10.3390/soc8030059
Butchart, S.H.M., M. Clarke, R.J. Smith, R.E. Sykes, J.P.W. Scharlemann, M. Harfoot, G.M. Buchanan, A. Angulo, et al. 2015. Shortfalls and solutions for meeting national and global conservation area targets. Conservation Letters 8: 329–337.
Clave, S. Anton, 2007. The Global Theme Park Industry. UK: CABI
Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem. 2018. Statistik Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem Tahun 2017. Jakarta
Genting Singapore. 2017. Sustainability Singapore 2016. Singapore: Genting International Management Limited. Diakses dari http://www.gentingsingapore.com/upload/pdfs/blockitem/1487/2017_03_27_01_28_11_1963616.pdf
Gooden, J., t’ Sas-Rolfes, M. A Review of critical perspective on private land conservation in academic literature. Ambio (2019)
Halumiah, S., Dharmawan, A.H., & Putri., E.I.K. 2014. Persepsi Masyarakat Lokal terhadap Dampak Industri Pariwisata Taman Safari Indonesia Ditinjau dari Konsep Pembangunan Keberlanjutan. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan Vol. 4 No. 2 (Desember 2014): 126-135
Heo, C.Y. & Lee, S. (2009). Application of revenue management practices to the theme park industry. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 28, 446–453.
Ho, P. & Ap, John. (2009) Tourism and Hospitality Studies - Theme Parks and Attractions. Hong Kong Trade Development Council. (2015, March). Hong Kong’s Ocean Park: A Home-grown Success Story. Retrieved from http://www.hktdc.com/ncs/ires/en/s/HKOceanPark.html
Jenny Gray (2018) Challenges of Compassionate Conservation, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21:sup1, 34-42, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1513840
Moon, K., V.M. Adams, S.R. Januchowski-Hartley, M. Polyakov, M. Mills, D. Biggs, A.T. Knight, E. Game, et al. 2014. A multidisciplinary conceptualization of conservation opportunity. Conservation Biology 28: 1484–1496.
Neuman, W. Lawrence. 2014. Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches, Seventh Edition. UK: Pearson
Pearce, P.L., 1988. The Theme Parks: The light begin to twinkle from the rocks. The Ulysses Factor. Pp 60-89.
Pertiwi, Florentinna A.T. 2018. Pengaruh Harga, Fasilitas Wisata, dan Atraksi Wisata terhadap Kepuasan Konsumen Objek Wisata Konservasi: Studi pada Pengunjung Taman Safari Indonesia II Prige, Pasuruan. Skripsi, Fakultas Ekonomi, Universitas Sanata Dharma.
Puspitasari, A., Masy’ud, B., & Sunarminto., T. 2016. Nilai Kontribusi Kebun Binatang Terhadap Konservasi Satwa, Sosial Ekonomi Dan Lingkungan Fisik: Studi Kasus Kebun Binatang Bandung. Media Konservasi Vol. 21 No. 2 Agustus 2016: 116-124
Ron Kagan, Scott Carter & Stephanie Allard (2015) A Universal Animal Welfare Framework for Zoos, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 18:sup1, S1-S10, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2015.1075830
Ron Kagan, Stephanie Allard & Scott Carter (2018) What Is the Future for Zoos and Aquariums?, Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 21:sup1, 59-70, DOI: 10.1080/10888705.2018.1514302
School of Hotel and Tourism Management. 2001. Theme Park. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University and PHSE Section, Curriculum Development Institute.
Setyawati, N. Hamidah. 2015. Pengelolaan Kesejahteraan Burung Paruh Bengkok (Psittacidae) Sebagai Obyek Daya Tarik Wisata Di Kebun Binatang Gembira Loka Yogyakarta. Skripsi, Fakultas Kehutanan, Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1990 tentang Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam Hayati dan Ekosistemnya
Thomas, David R. 2006. A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data. American Journal of Evaluation, Vol. 27 No. 2, pp 237-246 DOI: 10.1177/1098214005283748
Wall, Virginia & Fulk, Randy. 2011. PARTNERSHIPS AND COLLABORATION FOR CONSERVATION. BGjournal, Vol. 8, No. 1 pp. 12-14, Diakses dari https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24811061
Werner, P. 2009. The Economic Benefit of Parks and Open Space: How Land Conservation Helps Communities Grow Smart and Protect the Bottom Line. Trust for Public Land. San Francisco, C.A
Willis, K.J., E.S. Jeffers, C. Tovar, P.R. Long, N. Caithness, M.G.D. Smit, R. Hagemann, C. Collin-Hansen, et al. 2012. Determining the ecological value of landscapes beyond protected areas. Biological Conservation 147: 3–12.
Authors
SarinastitiE. N. and WicaksonoM. S. (2021) “Commercialization and tourism: Challenges in sustainable wildlife animal conservation-based Theme Park management in Central Java area”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 11(1), pp. 69-82. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.11.1.69-82.
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