Komunitas Burung pada Pegunungan Bawah dan Sub-Pegunungan Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak
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Accepted
25 July 2019
Published
13 October 2019
Abstract
Bird diversity has been known to be affected by various factors, including elevational gradient. The objective of this study was to describe the bird community trend and its associated habitat conditions on lower mountain and sub-mountain areas. The study was conducted in September-October 2017 in Gunung Halimun Salak National Park, West Java, Indonesia. Bird data were collected using point count method. Data were analyzed by using Shannon-Wiener (H’) diversity index, Margalef’s richness index (DMg), and Bray-Curtis similarity index. Birds were grouped into guilds according to their major diet. There were 54 bird species (23 families) in both altitudes, of which 23 species were found in the lower altitude and 33 species were found in the higher altitude. Contrary to most studies elsewhere, the diversity and richness indices were significantly higher at the sub mountain (H’=2.85; DMg=5.96) than at lower mountain (H'=2.38; DMg=3.79). Insectivores were dominant in both altitudes, although similarity index was low (5%). Bird diversity was higher in the higher altitude due to habitat condition. Lower montain had a higher anthropogenic disturbance than the sub-mountain.
References
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English PA, Nocera JJ, Pond BA, Green DJ. 2016. Habitat and food supply across multiple spatial scales influence the distribution and abundance of nocturnal aerial insectivore. Landscape Ecol. doi: 10.1007/s10980-016-0454-y.
Febriani I, Prasetyo LB, Dharmawan AH. 2017. Analisis deforestasi menggunakan regresi logistik model tahura sekitar Tanjung Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lingkungan. 7(3):195-203.
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Kidwai Z, Matwal M, Kumar U, Shrotriya S, Masood F, Moheb Z, Ansari NA, Singh K. 2013. Comparative study of bird community structure and function in two different forest types of Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, India. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. 2(2):157-163.
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Mardiastuti A, Mulyani YA, Rinaldim D, Rumblat W, Dewi LK, Kaban A, Sastranegara H. 2014. Pengembangan Indikator Kualitas Ekosistem Perkotaan dan Suburbia dengan mengunkan Indeks Komunitas Burung. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
McCain CM, Grytnes J. 2010. Elevational gradients in species richness. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0022548.
Pan X, Ding Z, Hu Y, Liang J, Wu Y, Si X, Guo M, Hu H, Jin K. 2016. Elevational pattern of bird species richness and its causes along a central Himalaya gradient, China. PeerJ. Doi: 10.7717/peerj.2636.
Pounds JA, Fogden MPL, Campbell JH. 1999. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature. 398:611-615.
Romdal TS, Rahbek C. 2009. Elevational zonation of afrotropical forest bird communities along a homogeneous forest gradient. Journal of Biogeography. 36:327-336.
Rowe RJ, Lidgard S. 2009. Elevational gradients and species richness: do methods change pattern perception? Global Ecol. Journal of Biogeography. 18:163-177.
Rutten G, Ensslin A, Hemp A, Fischer M. 2015. Vertical and horizontal vegetation structure acrros natural and modified habitat types at Mount Kilimanjaro. Plos One. 10(9):1-15. doi: e0138822.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138822.
Saab V, Block W, Russel R, Lehmkuhl J, Bate L, White R. 2007. Birds and Burns of the Interior West: Descriptions Habitats and Management in Western Forests. Portland: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest, Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Sanders NJ, Dunn RR, Fitzpatrick MC, Carlton CE, Pogue MR. 2010. Diverse Elevational Diversity Gradients In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. In: Kὃrner C, Spehn E, eds. Data mining for global trends in mountain biodiversity. New York: CRC Press.
Sekercioglu CH, Daily GC, Ehrilch PR. 2004. Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. PNAS. 101(52):18042-18047.
Sevillano-Ríos CS, Rodewald AD. 2017. Avian community structure and habitat use of Polylepis forests along an elevation gradient. PeerJ. 5:1-22.
Sodhi NS, Soh MCK, Prawiradilaga DM, Darjono, Brook BW. 2005. Persistance of lowland rainforest birds in a recently logged area in Central Java. Bird Conservation International. 15:173-191.
Tubelis DP, Calvacanti RB. 2001. Community similarity and abundance of bird species in open habitats of a central Brazilian Cerrado. Ornitologia Neotropical. 12:57-73.
Tuhumury A, Latupapua L. 2014. Keragaman jenis satwa burung berdasarkan ketinggian tempat pada hutan Desa Rambatu Kabupaten Seran bagian barat Provinsi Maluku. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 2(2):94-106.
Turner DP, Cohen WB, Kennedy RE, Fassnacht KS, Brigss JM. 1999. Relationship between leaf area index and Landsat TM spectral vegetation indices across three temperate zone sites. Remote Sensing Environment. 70:52-68.
Turner A, Sanderson E, Sweet M, Raines P. 2006. The Biodiversity of the Lower-Montane Forest Habitats of The North Negros Forest Reserve, Negros Occidental, Philippines. London: The Negros Forest and Ecological Foundation, Inc and Coral Cay Conservation Ltd.
Helvoort BV. 1981. A Study of Bird Population in The Rural Ecosystem of West Java, Indonesia a Semi Quantitative Approach. Wageningen: Nature Conservation Dept. Agriculture University Wageningen.
Steenis CGGJV. 2006. Flora Pegunungan Jawa. Bogor: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI.
Wert TW, Williamson JG, Chaparro JX, Miller EP. 2009. The influence of climate on fruit development and quality of four low-chill peach cultivars. Hortscience. 44(3):666-670.
Whitten T, Soeriaatmadja RE, Affif SS. 1996. The Ecology of Java and Bali. Singapura: Periplus.
Wiens JA. 1989. The Ecology of Bird Communities Volume 2: Processes and Variation. London: Cambridge University Press.
Yanti NAY, Novarino W, Rizaldi. 2015. Komunitas burung berdasarkan zonasi ketinggian di Gunung Singgalang, Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas. 4(1):38-44.
Acharya BK, Sanders NJ, Vijayan L, Chettri B. 2011. Elevational gradients in bird diversity in the Eastern Himalaya: An evaluation of distribution patterns and their underlying mechanisms. PLoS One. 6(12):1-14. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0029097.
Adhikerana AS, Komeda S, Wijamukti S and Marakarmah A. 1998. The Birds of Gunung Halimun National Park, West Java: with Particular Reference to Altitudinal Distribution. In: Research and Conservation of Biodiversity in Indonesia Vol. FV: Gunung Halimun: The Last Submontane Tropical Forest in West Java, 121-138, LIPI-JICA-PHPA.
Alikodra HS. 2002. Pengelolaan Satwaliar. Bogor: Yayasan Penerbit Fakultas Kehutanan Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Anu A, Sabu TK, Vineesh PJ. 2009. Seasonality of litter insect and relationship with rainfall in a wet evergreen forest in South Western Ghats. Journal of Insect Science. 9:46-56.
Bibby C, Jones M, Marsden S. 2000. Teknik-teknik Ekspedisi Lapangan Survey Burung. Bogor: Birdlife International-Indonesia Programme.
BirdLife International. 2009. Important bird areas. factsheet: Gunung Salak. [diunduh 2017 Des 18]. Tersedia pada: http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/gunung-salak-iba-indonesia.
Blake JG, Loiselle BA. 2000. Diverstity of birds along an elevational gradient in The Cordillera Central, Costa Rica. The Auk. 117(3):663-686.
[BTNGHS] Balai Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak. 2013. Keanekaragaman hayati. [diunduh 2018 Apr 17]. Tersedia pada: http://halimunsalak.org/tentang-kami/keanekaragaman-hayati/.
Chettri N, Deb DC, Sharma E, Jackson R. 2005. The relationship between bird communities and habitat. Mountain Research and Development. 25(3):235-243.
Dewi RS, Mulyani Y, Santosa Y. 2007. Keanekaragaman jenis burung beberapa tipe habitat Taman Nasional Gunung Ciremai. Media Konservasi. 12(3).
Diaz L. 2006. Influences of forest type and forest structure on bird communities in oak and pine woodlands in Spain. Forest Ecology and Management. 223:54-65.
English PA, Nocera JJ, Pond BA, Green DJ. 2016. Habitat and food supply across multiple spatial scales influence the distribution and abundance of nocturnal aerial insectivore. Landscape Ecol. doi: 10.1007/s10980-016-0454-y.
Febriani I, Prasetyo LB, Dharmawan AH. 2017. Analisis deforestasi menggunakan regresi logistik model tahura sekitar Tanjung Provinsi Jambi. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lingkungan. 7(3):195-203.
Fernandes-Juricic E. 2000. Bird community composition patterns in urban parks of Madrid: The role of age, size and isolation. Ecological Research. 15:373-383.
Graham CT, Wilson MW, Gittings T, Kelly TC, Irwin S, MCD OF, Sweeney, O’Halloran J. 2014. Factors affecting the bird diversity of planted and semi-natural oak forests in Ireland. Bird Study. 61:309-320.
Gunawan W, Basuni S, Indrawan A, Prasetyo LB, Sedjito H. 2011. Analisis komposisi dan struktur vegetasi terhadap upaya restorasi kawasan hutan Taman Nasional Gunung Gede Pangrango. Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Lingkungan. 1(2):93-105.
Heindl M, Curio E. 1999. Observations of frugivorous birds at fruits-bearing plants in the North Negros Forest Reserve, Philippines. Ecotropica. 5:167-181.
Helms JA, Godfrey AP, Ames T, Bridge ES. 2016. Predator foraging altitudes reveal the structure of aerial insect communities. Scientific Reports. 6. doi: 10.1038/srep28670.
Kattan GH, Franco P. 2004. Bird diversity along elevational gradients in the Andes of Colombia: area and mass effects. Global Ecology and Biogeography. 13:451-458.
Kidwai Z, Matwal M, Kumar U, Shrotriya S, Masood F, Moheb Z, Ansari NA, Singh K. 2013. Comparative study of bird community structure and function in two different forest types of Corbett National Park, Uttarakhand, India. Asian Journal of Conservation Biology. 2(2):157-163.
Kissling WD, Sekercioglu CH, Jetz W. 2011. Bird dietary guild richness across latitudes, enviroments and biogeographic regions. Global Ecology and Biogegoraphy. doi: 10.1111/j.1466-8238.2011.00679.x.
Krebs CJ. 1989. Ecological Methodology. New York: Harper & Row.
MacKinnon J, Phillipps K, Balen BV. 2010. Burung-burung di Sumatra, Jawa, Bali dan Kalimantan. Bogor: Burung Indonesia.
Magurran A. 2004. Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement. London: Groom Helmed Limited.
Mardiastuti A, Mulyani YA, Rinaldim D, Rumblat W, Dewi LK, Kaban A, Sastranegara H. 2014. Pengembangan Indikator Kualitas Ekosistem Perkotaan dan Suburbia dengan mengunkan Indeks Komunitas Burung. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
McCain CM, Grytnes J. 2010. Elevational gradients in species richness. Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS). doi: 10.1002/9780470015902.a0022548.
Pan X, Ding Z, Hu Y, Liang J, Wu Y, Si X, Guo M, Hu H, Jin K. 2016. Elevational pattern of bird species richness and its causes along a central Himalaya gradient, China. PeerJ. Doi: 10.7717/peerj.2636.
Pounds JA, Fogden MPL, Campbell JH. 1999. Biological response to climate change on a tropical mountain. Nature. 398:611-615.
Romdal TS, Rahbek C. 2009. Elevational zonation of afrotropical forest bird communities along a homogeneous forest gradient. Journal of Biogeography. 36:327-336.
Rowe RJ, Lidgard S. 2009. Elevational gradients and species richness: do methods change pattern perception? Global Ecol. Journal of Biogeography. 18:163-177.
Rutten G, Ensslin A, Hemp A, Fischer M. 2015. Vertical and horizontal vegetation structure acrros natural and modified habitat types at Mount Kilimanjaro. Plos One. 10(9):1-15. doi: e0138822.doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0138822.
Saab V, Block W, Russel R, Lehmkuhl J, Bate L, White R. 2007. Birds and Burns of the Interior West: Descriptions Habitats and Management in Western Forests. Portland: U.S Department of Agriculture, Forest, Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station.
Sanders NJ, Dunn RR, Fitzpatrick MC, Carlton CE, Pogue MR. 2010. Diverse Elevational Diversity Gradients In Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. In: Kὃrner C, Spehn E, eds. Data mining for global trends in mountain biodiversity. New York: CRC Press.
Sekercioglu CH, Daily GC, Ehrilch PR. 2004. Ecosystem consequences of bird declines. PNAS. 101(52):18042-18047.
Sevillano-Ríos CS, Rodewald AD. 2017. Avian community structure and habitat use of Polylepis forests along an elevation gradient. PeerJ. 5:1-22.
Sodhi NS, Soh MCK, Prawiradilaga DM, Darjono, Brook BW. 2005. Persistance of lowland rainforest birds in a recently logged area in Central Java. Bird Conservation International. 15:173-191.
Tubelis DP, Calvacanti RB. 2001. Community similarity and abundance of bird species in open habitats of a central Brazilian Cerrado. Ornitologia Neotropical. 12:57-73.
Tuhumury A, Latupapua L. 2014. Keragaman jenis satwa burung berdasarkan ketinggian tempat pada hutan Desa Rambatu Kabupaten Seran bagian barat Provinsi Maluku. Jurnal Hutan Tropis 2(2):94-106.
Turner DP, Cohen WB, Kennedy RE, Fassnacht KS, Brigss JM. 1999. Relationship between leaf area index and Landsat TM spectral vegetation indices across three temperate zone sites. Remote Sensing Environment. 70:52-68.
Turner A, Sanderson E, Sweet M, Raines P. 2006. The Biodiversity of the Lower-Montane Forest Habitats of The North Negros Forest Reserve, Negros Occidental, Philippines. London: The Negros Forest and Ecological Foundation, Inc and Coral Cay Conservation Ltd.
Helvoort BV. 1981. A Study of Bird Population in The Rural Ecosystem of West Java, Indonesia a Semi Quantitative Approach. Wageningen: Nature Conservation Dept. Agriculture University Wageningen.
Steenis CGGJV. 2006. Flora Pegunungan Jawa. Bogor: Pusat Penelitian Biologi-LIPI.
Wert TW, Williamson JG, Chaparro JX, Miller EP. 2009. The influence of climate on fruit development and quality of four low-chill peach cultivars. Hortscience. 44(3):666-670.
Whitten T, Soeriaatmadja RE, Affif SS. 1996. The Ecology of Java and Bali. Singapura: Periplus.
Wiens JA. 1989. The Ecology of Bird Communities Volume 2: Processes and Variation. London: Cambridge University Press.
Yanti NAY, Novarino W, Rizaldi. 2015. Komunitas burung berdasarkan zonasi ketinggian di Gunung Singgalang, Sumatera Barat. Jurnal Biologi Universitas Andalas. 4(1):38-44.
Authors
HardinaK., MulyaniY. A. and MardiastutiA. (2019) “Komunitas Burung pada Pegunungan Bawah dan Sub-Pegunungan Di Taman Nasional Gunung Halimun Salak”, Jurnal Pengelolaan Sumberdaya Alam dan Lingkungan (Journal of Natural Resources and Environmental Management). Bogor, ID, 9(3), pp. 736-745. doi: 10.29244/jpsl.9.3.736-745.
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