Measuring Effectiveness of SMART Patrol in Biodiversity Protection of Rimbang Baling and Bukit Betabuh, Sumatra
Abstract
The main authorities and practitioners face crucial challenges in safeguarding wildlife and conservation areas due to massive direct anthropogenic disturbances, such as illegal logging, habitat conversion into human development areas, and wildlife poaching. Therefore, measuring the effectiveness of wildlife and habitat protection is essential for wider conservation intervention. This study aimed to examine patrol effectiveness using measurable effort and parameters of SMART-based data collection in Rimbang Baling and Bukit Betabuh, Sumatra. We conducted a series of planned SMART-based data collections in designated patrol blocks of Rimbang Baling from 2014 to 2018. We implemented catch per unit effort (CPUE) measurement by the number of detected illegal activities and then a generalized linear model (GLM) to assess the relationship between patrol efforts and threat numbers. This study covered 209 patrols within 2,129 patrol days, 13,153.05 patrol hours, and 14,864 km. The CPUE value decreased from 0.381 to 0.191. Our GLM showed that patrol efforts significantly reduced threat numbers. This study provides new knowledge regarding SMART-based data collection and its ability to increase the effectiveness of patrols in promoting better protection and threat reduction in conservation areas in Indonesia.
References
Ambarasti, K. (2016). Konflik penggunaan lahan di kawasan hutan pada wilayah kesatuan pengelolaan hutan produksi (KPHP) model banjar. Jurnal Hutan Tropis, 4(2), 167–179.
Brandon, K., Redford, K. H., & Sanderson, S. E. (Eds.). (1998). Parks in peril: People, politics, and protected areas. Washington, DC: Island Press or the Nature Conservancy. https://doi.org/10.5070/G311310407
Critchlow, R., Plumptre, A. J., Alidria, B., Nsubuga, M., Driciru, M., Rwetsiba, A., Wanyama, F., & Beale, C. M. (2016). Improving law-enforcement effectiveness and efficiency in protected areas using ranger-collected monitoring data. Conservation Letters, 10(5), 572–580. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12288
Duangchantrasiri, S., Umponjan, M., Simcharoen, S., Pattanavibool, A., Chaiwattana, S., Maneerat, S., Kumar, N. S., Jathanna, D., Srivathsa, A., & Karanth, K. U. (2016). Dynamics of a low-density tiger population in Southeast Asia in the context of improved law enforcement. Conservation Biology, 30(3), 639–648. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12655
Dudley, N., & Stolton, S. (Eds.). (2008). Defining protected areas: An international conference in Almeria, Spain. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN.
Dobson, A., & Lynes, L. (2008). How does poaching affect the size of national parks? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23(4), 177–180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.08.019
Efendi, A., Fitria, E., Haryanto, S., Charles, Y., & Rustiati, E. L. (2019). Smart patrol as monitoring system in Resort Way Nipah Bukit Barisan Selatan National Park. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1338, 012023. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1338/1/012023
Fa, J. E., & Brown, D. (2009). Impacts of hunting on mammals in African tropical moist forests: A review and synthesis. Mammal Review, 39, 231–264. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2907.2009.00149.x
Gandiwa, E., Heitkönig, I. M. A., Lokhorst, A. M., Prins, H. H. T., & Leeuwis, C. (2013). Illegal hunting and law enforcement during a period of economic decline in Zimbabwe: A case study of northern Gonarezhou National Park and adjacent areas. Journal for Nature Conservation, 21, 133–142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2012.11.009
Geldmann, J., Barnes, M., Coad, L., Craigie, I. D., Hockings, M., & Burgess, N. D. (2013). Effectiveness of terrestrial protected areas in reducing habitat loss and population declines. Biological Conservation, 161, 230–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.02.018
Gibson, C. C., & Marks, S. A. (1995). Transforming rural hunters into conservationists: An assessment of community-based wildlife management programs in Africa. World Development, 23, 941–957. https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-750X(95)00025-8
Gray, C., Hill, S., Newbold, T., Hudson, L., Börger, L., Contu, S., Hoskins, A., Ferrier, S., Purvis, A., & Scharlemann, J. (2016). Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide. Nature Communications, 7(12306). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12306
Hansen, M. C., Potapov, P. V., Moore, R., Hancher, M., Turubanova, S. A., Tyukavina, A., Thau, D., Stehman, S. V., Goetz, S. J., Loveland, T. R., Kommareddy, A., Egorov, A., Chini, L., Justice, C. O., & Townshend, J. R. G. (2013). High-resolution global maps of 21st-century forest cover change. Science, 342(6160), 850–853. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1244693
Harrison, R. D., Sreekar, R., Brodie, J. F., Brook, S., Luskin, M., O'Kelly, H., Rao, M., Scheffers, B., & Velho, N. (2016). Impacts of hunting on tropical forests in Southeast Asia. Conservation Biology, 30(5), 972–981. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12785
Henson, D. W., Malpas, R. C., & D'Udine, F. A. C. (2016). Wildlife law enforcement in sub‐Saharan African protected areas–A review of best practices. Occasional Paper of the IUCN Species Survival Commission No. 58. Cambridge, UK and Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2015.SSC-OP.58.EN
Hurt, R., & Ravn, P. (2000). Hunting and its benefits: An overview of hunting in Africa with special reference to Tanzania. In H. H. T. Prins, J. G. Grootenhuis, & T. T. Dolan (Eds.), Wildlife conservation by sustainable use (pp. 295–314). Boston, MA: Kluwer Academic Publishers. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-4012-6_15
Holmern, T., Muya, J., & Røskaft, E. (2007). Local law enforcement and illegal bushmeat hunting outside the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Environmental Conservation, 34, 55–63. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892907003712
Hötte, M. H. H., Kolodin, I. A., Bereznuk, S. L., Slaght, J. C., Kerley, L. L., Soutyrina, S. V., Salkina, G. P., Zaumyslova, O. Y., Stokes, E. J., & Miquelle, D. G. (2016). Indicators of success for smart law enforcement in protected areas: A case study for Russian amur tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) reserves. Integrative Zoology, 11(1), 2–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/1749-4877.12168
Iswahyudi. (2017). Pengelolaan lahan kritis hutan lindung Bukit Batabuh berkelanjutan. Jurnal Penelitian Agrosamudra, 4(1), 91–99.
Jachmann, H. (2008a). Monitoring law-enforcement performance in nine protected areas in Ghana. Biological Conservation, 141, 89–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2007.09.012
Jachmann, H. (2008b). Illegal wildlife use and protected area management in Ghana. Biological Conservation, 141, 1906–1918. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2008.05.009
Keane, A., Jones, J. P. G., & Milner‐Gulland, E. J. (2011). Encounter data in resource management and ecology: Pitfalls and possibilities. Journal of Applied Ecology, 48(5), 1164–1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2664.2011.02034.x
[KLHK] Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. 2016. Laporan penilaian efektivitas pengelolaan kawasan konservasi di Indonesia tahun 2016. Jakarta: Direktorat Kawasan Konservasi, Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem, Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan. Retrieved from http://mett.ksdae.menlhk.go.id
Kholis, M., Puspita. O. R., Gunaryadi, D., & Sadikin, L. A. (2016). Pedoman implementasi SMART di kawasan konservasi. Seri panduan buku I. Jakarta: Kelompok Kerja SMART-Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem, Kementerian Kehutanan dan Lingkungan Hidup.
Laurance, W. F., Carolina Useche, D., Rendeiro, J., Kalka, M., Bradshaw, C. J. A., Sloan, S. P., Laurance, S. G., Campbell, M., Abernethy, K., Alvarez, P., Arroyo-Rodriguez, V., Ashton, P., Benítez-Malvido, J., Blom, A., Bobo, K. S., Cannon, C. H., Cao, M., Carroll, R., Chapman, C., Zamzani, F. (2012). Averting biodiversity collapse in tropical forest protected areas. Nature, 489(7415), 290–294. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11318
Leverington, F., Costa, K. L., Pavese, H., Lisle, A., & Hockings, M. (2010). A global analysis of protected area management effectiveness. Environmental Management, 46(5), 685–698. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-010-9564-5
Linkie, M., Martyr, D. J., Harihar, A., Risdianto, D., Nugraha, R. T., Maryati, Leader-Williams, N., & Wong, W.-M. (2015). Safeguarding Sumatran tigers: Evaluating effectiveness of law enforcement patrols and local informant networks. Journal of Applied Ecology, 52(4), 851860. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12461
Moore, J. F., Mulindahabi, F., Masozera, M. K., Nichols, J. D., Hines, J. E., Turikunkiko, E., & Oli, M. K. (2017). Are ranger patrols effective in reducing poaching‐related threats within protected areas? Journal of Applied Ecology, 55(1), 99–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/1365-2664.12965
Nahonyo, C. L. (2005). Assessment of anti‐poaching effort in Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Tanzania Journal Science, 31(2), 13–21. https://doi.org/10.4314/tjs.v31i2.18416
Nguyen, T. H., Sinha, A., Gholami, S., Plumptre, A., Joppa, L., Tambe, M., Driciru, M., Wanyama, F., Rwetsiba, A., Critchlow, R., & Beale, C. M. (2016). CAPTURE: A new predictive anti-poaching tool for wildlife protection. In AAMAS 2016: Proceedings of the 2016 international conference on autonomous agents and multiagent systems (pp. 767–775). International Foundation for Autonomous Agents and Multiagent Systems (IFAAMAS). Retrieved from http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2937037
Nyahongo, J. W., East, M. L., Mturi, F. A., & Hofer, H. (2005). Benefits and costs of illegal grazing and hunting in the Serengeti ecosystem. Environmental Conservation, 32, 326–332. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0376892906002566
Rahman, A., & Veriasa, T. O. (2017). Kajian kebijakan: Akses masyarakat dalam kesatuan pengelolaan hutan konservasi (KPHK) Bukit Rimbang Bukit Baling, Riau [Final report]. Bogor: Pusat Pengkajian Perencanaan dan Pengembangan Wilayah (P4W) LPPM IPB. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12294.27207
Rauset, G. R., Andren, H., Swenson, J. E., Samelius, Segerström, P., Zedrosser, A., & Persson, J. (2015). National parks in northern Sweden as refuges for illegal killing of large carnivores. Conservation Letters, 9(5), 334–341. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12226
Sadikin, L. A., Ginanjar, N., Yuswa, R., & Anwar, A. (2020). Panduan analisis data SMART: Pembelajaran dari Taman Nasional Berbak dan Sembilang. Bogor: ZSL Indonesia Program.
Sadikin, L. A., Leonald, L., Puspita. Kholis, M., & Haidir, I. A. (2016). Pedoman implemantasi SMART di kawasan konservasi (Seri Panduan Buku II). Jakarta: Kelompok Kerja SMART-Direktorat Kawasan Konservasi, Direktorat Jenderal Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam dan Ekosistem, Kementerian Kehutanan dan Lingkungan Hidup.
Shah, P., & Baylis, K. (2015). Evaluating heterogeneous conservation effects of forest protection in Indonesia. PLoS ONE, 10(6), 0124872. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124872
SMART. (2020). SMART annual report 20192020. Report. [Online]. Retrieved from https://smartconservationtools.org/en-us/News/All-Articles/ID/10
SMART. (2021). SMART annual report 2021. Report. [Online]. Retrieved from https://smartconservationtools.org/en-us/News/All-Articles/ID/20
Sodhi, N. S., Koh, L. P., Brook, B. W., & Ng, P. K. (2004). Southeast Asian biodiversity: An impending disaster. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 19(12), 654–660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2004.09.006
Sofyan, R, Iqbar, I., & Moulana, R. (2020). Pengimplementasian SMART patrol terhadap aktivitas illegal (pembalakan dan perambahan) di kawasan konservasi Suaka Margasatwa Rawa Singkil. Jurnal Ilmiah Mahasiswa Pertanian, 5(3), 43–49. https://doi.org/10.17969/jimfp.v5i3.14843
Stokes, E. J. (2010). Improving effectiveness of protection efforts in tiger source sites: Developing a framework for law enforcement monitoring using MIST. Integrative Zoology, 5(4), 363–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-4877.2010.00223.x
Subagio, A, Rustiati, E. L., Huda, M., & Abdullah, I. R. (2020, April 21). Pengamanan dan perlindungan kawasan hutan lindung Batutegi Tanggamus Lampung berbasis SMART patrol. In L. Hakim, Z. Huda, E. P. Wahono, Meliyana, B. Suharti, T. Nirmala, S. Tantalo, & M. Hartono (Eds.), Prosiding Seminar Nasional Konservasi 2020. Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam untuk Pembangunan Berkelanjutan (pp. 151–158). LPPM Universitas Lampung.
Suprayitno, & Hasiholan, W. (2017). Modul patroli pengamanan hutan. Bogor: Pusat Diklat SDM Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan.
Persson, J., Rauset, G. R. & Chapron, G. (2015). Paying for an endangered predator leads to population recovery. Conservation Letters, 8(5), 345–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12171
UPT KPHL Kuantan Singingi Selatan. (2016). Rencana pengelolaan hutan jangka panjang KPHL Kuantan Singingi Selatan Kabupaten Kuantan Singingi Provinsi Riau tahun–2025. Kuantan Singingi: Pemerintah Daerah Kabuapten Kuantan Singingi-Dinas Kehutanan Taluk Kuantan.
Wangmo, S., Wangdi, S., Wyatt, A., Tenzin, K., Lhendup, J., & Singh, R. (2021). Driven by data: Improved protected area effectiveness in Royal Manas National Park, Bhutan. Conservation Science and Practice, 3(10), e503. https://doi.org/10.1111/csp2.503
Widodo, F. A., Hanny, S., Utomo, E. H. S., Zulfahmi, Kusdianto, Septayuda, E., Tugio, Panjaitan, E., Subali, L., Suprianto, A., Parakkasi, K., Fadhli, N., Sukmantoro, W., Budianti, I., & Sunarto. (2017). Tigers and their prey in bukit rimbang bukit baling: Abundance baseline for effective wildlife reserve management. Jurnal Ilmu Kehutanan, 11(2), 118–129. https;//doi.org/10.22146/jik.28275
Widodo, F. A., Sunarto, Hartoyo, D., Gunawan, Fadhli, N., Sukmantoro, W., Zulfahmi, Septayuda, E., and Adzan, G. (2020). Preliminary assessment of abundance and distribution of dholes Cuon alpinus in Rimbang Baling and Tesso Nilo landscapes, Sumatra. Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, 68, 387–395. https://doi.org/10.26107/RBZ-2020-0055
Wilcove, D., Giam, X., Edwards, D., Fisher, B., & Pin Koh, L. (2013). Navjot's nightmare revisited: Logging, agriculture, and biodiversity in Southeast Asia. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 28(9), 531–540. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.04.005
Wilfred, P., Kayeye, H., Magige, F. J., Kisingo, A., & Nahonyo, C. L. (2019). Challenges facing the introduction of SMART patrols in a game reserve, western Tanzania. African Journal of Ecology, 57(4), 523–530. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12634
Authors
![Creative Commons License](http://i.creativecommons.org/l/by/4.0/88x31.png)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika is an open access journal which means that all contents is freely available without charge to the user or his/her institution. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission from the publisher or the author. This is in accordance with the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of open access.