Strategies of Distribution Effectiveness of Special Physical Allocation Funds in the Field of Marine and Fisheries

Indonesia still has tremendous opportunities to utilize and develop the potential of fisheries optimally. The government through DAK Marine and Fisheries Sector helps fund the physical development activities in the field of marine and fisheries to support fishery production. The effectiveness of DAK disbursement from the government to various regions becomes very important to accelerate the process of marine and fisheries development. The purposes of this research are as follows: (1) analyzing the constraints of DAK Marine and Fisheries Sector distribution; (2) analyzing the impact of DAK Marine and Fisheries Sector distribution; and (3) formulating the strategies needed to improve the effectiveness of DAK Marine and Fisheries Sector distribution. The processing techniques and data analysis in this research included data panel data regression analysis with Fixed Effect Model (FEM) method using Eviews 8 software and analysis of strategy formulation using Strengths - Weakness – Opportunities – Threats (SWOT) matrix. Based on the results of Regression, DAK Fishing Capture variables have no significant effects on Capture Fishery Production, while DAK Fishery Aquaculture variables have significant effects on Aquaculture Production. The results of formulation of alternative strategies using SWOT matrix exhibit the position point of IFE and EFE score points at the quadrant position III (Turn Around). The recommended strategy is the WO strategy i.e. to minimize the weaknesses to take advantages of opportunities.


INTRODUCTION
,QGRQHVLD KDV WKH SRWHQWLDO RI PDULQH DQG ¿VKHU\ resources that can be a source of livelihood for its citizens. However, if we look at the contribution of GDP of Business Field per sub-sector incorporated in the sectors of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, the Fishery Sub-sector still has not contributed maximally. In 2016, The contribution of the GDP Sub-sector of Fisheries to Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery sector was 19.03%. Furthermore, Zebua and Ramli (2013) VWDWHG WKDW WKH HFRQRPLF SRWHQWLDO RI ¿VKHULHV UHVRXUFHV is estimated at US$82 billion per year. If converted into rupiah, it reached IDR1,008.6 trillion. The value RI HFRQRPLF UHVRXUFH SRWHQWLDO LQ WKH ¿VKHU\ VHFWRU is still far enough with the value of GDP Sub-Sector of Fisheries where in 2016, it amounted to IDR214.5 Trillion, only 21.3% of the potential value of IDR1,008.6 Trillion so that it can be argued that Indonesia still has D JUHDW RSSRUWXQLW\ WR XWLOL]H DQG GHYHORS LWV ¿VKHULHV potential optimally.
Based on the Government Work Plan (RKP) in 2016, WKH WDUJHW IRU PDULQH DQG ¿VKHU\ SURGXFW SURGXFWLRQ ZDV 35.41 million tons. However, the realization of marine DQG ¿VKHU\ SURGXFW SURGXFWLRQ LQ ZDV MXVW million tons, so it had not reached the target. When compared to the 2017 with the target of 39.43 million WRQV WKH SURGXFWLRQ RI PDULQH DQG ¿VKHU\ SURGXFWV LQ 2016 was still around 83.54%. Therefore, in order to support the achievement of the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN), the central government through the balancing fund is funding the national development as set forth in the RKP. To overcome the problem of regional funding imbalances, the Central Government will transfer the balance funds, one of which consists of the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) (Suhendra et al. 2015). Balancing funds are funds provided by the central government to meet the QHHGV RI UHJLRQDO ¿VFDO JDSV $LPRQ DQG 3XWUD Balancing funds are intended as one way to implement the decentralization process. Fiscal decentralization is GH¿QHG DV D WRRO RU LQVWUXPHQW IRU WKH UHDOL]DWLRQ RI HI¿FLHQW DQG SDUWLFLSDWRU\ JRYHUQDQFH 6DUL The Central Government through the DAK Marine and Fisheries (DAK KP) helps fund the physical GHYHORSPHQW DFWLYLWLHV LQ WKH ¿HOG RI PDULQH DQG ¿VKHULHV 7KLV LV WR VXSSRUW EDVLF VHUYLFHV RI UHJLRQDO affairs (provincial and district/city) in accordance with national priorities. Nevertheless, since the DAK KP was budgeted for the period of 2004-2018, there have been many obstacles in the process of fund distribution, both from technical and non-technical aspects. These constraints can lead to ineffectiveness that resulted in hampering development activities so that the utilization of economic resources Fishery Sub-sector is not optimal. This can be proven from the realization value of DAK KP distribution activities which is still XQVDWLVIDFWRU\ 7KH ¿QDQFLDO UHDOL]DWLRQ YDOXH RI '$. KP based on data from the Ministry of Finance in 2016 was 83.14%. As for the year 2017 per 31 October 2017, it amounted to 72.78%.
Based on the decree of the Minister of Internal Affairs Number 690.900-327 of 1996 on Criteria for Assessment and Financial Performance, the determination of the effectiveness level of expenditure budget for the range of 80% to 90% included in the criteria is reasonably effective; however, the criteria still have not reached the expectations. The Central Government should determine the activities of the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) included in the balancing funds to assist certain regions ZLWK WKH DLP RI DVVLVWLQJ LQ IXQGLQJ VSHFL¿F DFWLYLWLHV of regional affairs and in accordance with national priorities. The distribution of DAK KP is expected to LQFUHDVH WKH DFKLHYHPHQW RI ¿VKHULHV LQGLFDWRUV OLVWHG in the RPJMN document. In reality, since the budgeting of DAK KP, there have been many obstacles in the process of channeling these funds, both from technical and non-technical aspects. These constraints can lead to ineffectiveness resulting in inhibition of development activities so that the utilization of economic resources Fishery Sub-sector is not optimal.
Previously, there were several studies related to the distribution of DAK both provincially and nationally, but there were still a few researches related to DAK WKDW GHDO VSHFL¿FDOO\ ZLWK LVVXHV IRU VSHFL¿F ¿HOGV Novarianti (2016) in her thesis examined the effects of local revenues, General Allocation Funds, and Special Allocation Funds on Human Development Index with Capital Expenditure as a Mediating Variable in districts/cities in Indonesia in the period of 2010-2013. Bangun (2009) in his thesis examined the effects of Special Allocation Funds, General Allocation Funds, and local revenues on income per capita. Research related to effectiveness is required to determine whether the distribution of funds is in accordance with the purpose.
The effectiveness of the distribution of DAK KP is one factor supporting the achievement of targets in the RPJMN document. Hudjuala (2017) explains that effectiveness is a key element to achieve the goals or goals that have been determined. Based on the background that has been described, this research will discuss the effectiveness of the DAK KP distribution, especially about the constraints and impacts in the distribution process so that in the future it is expected to formulate the alternative strategies needed for the distribution of DAK KP to be more effective. Therefore, a strategy is still required so that in the future DAK KP realization can reach a better criterion. The effectiveness of the DAK KP distribution is one factor supporting the achievement of targets in the RPJMN document so that the effectiveness of DAK disbursement from the government to various regions becomes very important WR DFFHOHUDWH WKH SURFHVV RI PDULQH DQG ¿VKHU\ development. Based on the background and the above problem formulation, the purposes of this research are as follows: (1) analyzing the constraints of DAK KP distribution; (2) analyzing the impact of DAK KP distribution; and (3) formulating the strategies required to improve the effectiveness of DAK KP distribution.
The method used to formulate a strategy is a SWOT analysis. SWOT analysis is often used for research methods. Anggraeni et al. (2014) in her journal examined the internal and external factors of optimal DQG VXVWDLQDEOH ¿VKHULHV UHVRXUFHV PDQDJHPHQW LQ 3XODX Panjang waters of Serang Regency of Banten Province. The methods used were analyses of EFE and IFE as well as of SWOT matrix to get alternative strategies. Based on the research result, the best strategy is strategy RI GLYHUVL¿FDWLRQ 7KLV VWUDWHJ\ FDQ EH FRQGXFWHG XVLQJ the power to overcome the threats. Malotes (2016) in his journal examined the strategy of business development of beef cattle in North Tinangkung District Banggai Kepulauan Regency. The methods used were EFE and IFE analyses and SWOT matrix to obtain alternative strategies. Based on the result of the research, it is found that the best strategy to be implemented is SO strategy, that is meeting between opportunities from outside with the strength of North Tinangkung District. Almutahar et al. (2013) in his journal examined the strategy analysis RI 6XQJDX 5HQJDV FRDVWDO ¿VKHU\ LQ .XEX 5D\D :HVW Kalimantan. The analysis methods used were SWOT matrix followed by QSPM analysis. The results show 5 strategies that have appeal to be implemented, among RWKHUV LPSURYHPHQW LQ ¿VKHULHV SURGXFWLRQ market segmentation, (3) control in the sale of PPP 5LYHU 5HQJDV ¿VK EXVLQHVV GHYHORSPHQW LQ KDUERU environment, and (5) increase and stabilization of fuel supply.
The scope of this research is to discuss the distribution of Special Allocation Fund of Marine and Fishery Field using Regression Data Panel analysis to know the effects of variables used on the production of capture ¿VKHU\ DQG DTXDFXOWXUH DQG XVLQJ $QDO\VLV RI 6WUHQJWKV :HDNQHVV 2SSRUWXQLWLHV 7KUHDWV 6:27 WR ¿QG out the required strategy to improve the effectiveness of DAK KP distribution.

METHODS
The research was conducted at the Ministry National Planning and Development (Bappenas). The time of the research was from October 2017 to February 2018. The populations used in the panel regression analysis of this study included all regions that obtained DAK KP allocation from 2012 to 2015. The populations came from 32 provinces, while provinces that were not included in the population were those (provinces or regencies/municipalities) that did not obtain DAK KP allocation from 2012 to 2015 (DKI Jakarta and North Kalimantan). The variables that used for panel data regression analysis in Table 1.
The method of analysis of strategy formulation was carried out by distributing questionnaires and interviews ZLWK H[SHUWV LQ '$. ¿HOG HVSHFLDOO\ LQ PDULQH DQG ¿VKHU\ ¿HOG ZKLFK LV GLYLGHG LQWR VWDJHV 7KH experts were from the Bappenas, Ministry of Marine and Fisheries Affairs (KKP), Ministry of Finance (Kemenkeu), Ministry of Internal Affairs (Kemendagri), academics, and local government. Samples drawn from Bappenas, KKP, Kemenkeu, Kemendagri, and academics were selected by Expert Sampling method i.e. sampling method based on expertise. Sampling for local government was conducted using Convenience Sampling Method.
The study was initiated by the huge opportunities for ,QGRQHVLD WR XWLOL]H DQG GHYHORS WKH ¿VKHULHV SRWHQWLDOV optimally, and the central government through the Special Allocation Fund for Marine and Fishery (DAK KP) provides funds the physical development activities LQ WKH ¿HOG RI PDULQH DQG ¿VKHULHV KRZHYHU WKHUH DUH still many obstacles in the implementation process of DAK KP. The preliminary analysis of the research used panel data to determine the effects of capture ¿VKHU\ SURGXFWLRQ DQG DTXDFXOWXUH SURGXFWLRQ RQ VRPH independent variables as shown in Figure 1. Further analysis using Internal Factor Evaluation and External Factor Evaluation was followed by SWOT Matrix to formulate the best strategy to be implemented.

Results of Regression of Fishery Variables on Production
The panel data regression analysis was performed using 3 models, including: Ordinary Least Square ( Table 4 and Table 5. is not yet fully effective to support the implementation of RKP 2014 to 2016.

Strategy Formulation Analysis
Internal Factor Evaluation (IFE) Analysis

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LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ of internal factors affecting the distribution of DAK KP in the local government scope, and it was then weighted, as shown in Table 6. The total score for internal factors is 1.9377. David (2016) states that the value of internal IDFWRUV EHORZ LOOXVWUDWHV WKDW WKH ¿UP LV LQWHUQDOO\ weak.

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LGHQWL¿FDWLRQ RI H[WHUQDO IDFWRUV LQÀXHQFLQJ WKH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI '$. KP in the local government scope as shown in Table  7. Total score for external factors is 3.3394. Based on this value, it means that local governments have good responses to the opportunities that exist and avoid threats (David, 2016).  Formulation of Alternative Strategies Using SWOT Matrix SWOT matrix analysis in the research was conducted to improve the analysis that had been done on IFE and EFE matrix analyses. IFE matrix results in total score for strengths and weaknesses factors and EFE matrix results in total score for threats and opportunities. Differences in total scores of strengths and weaknesses and threats and opportunities were mapped into SWOT matrix diagrams. The total scores of strengths and weaknesses were mapped on x-axis, while the total scores of opportunities and threats were mapped on the y-axis. It can then be determined in the quadrant where local government positions are located and on which alternative strategies should be undertaken. Strategies DUH RIWHQ GH¿QHG DV DQ DGMXVWPHQW E\ DQ RUJDQL]DWLRQ between its resources and internal skills as well as the opportunities and risks created by external factors (Segoro and Rizal, 2017). Based on the calculation, the total score for the strength factor was 0.9145 and total score for the weakness factor was 1.0232 and total score for the probability factor was 1.8143 and the total score for the threat factor was 1.5251. The difference between strengths and weaknesses was (-) 0.1087, while that of opportunities and threats was (+) 0.2892. Overview of the mapping result of total matrixes of internal and external factors in the SWOT matrix diagram ( Figure  2).
Based on Figure 2, it appears that the best strategy to be implemented by the local government is a turnaround strategy. Syafrizal (2006) stated that the turnaround strategy, is a strategy to restore the company's condition from a downturn/crisis to a healthier and better company (turn around). Turn around is a reversal of the company's direction of performance degradation. A successful turn-around is a complex process involving a combination of environmental factors, internal resources, relevant company strategies at different stages of performance degradation, resulting LQ LPSURYHG ¿QDQFLDO SHUIRUPDQFH 7KH FRPSDQ\ requires an effective strategy to achieve recovery or success of turn-around (Lestari and Triani, 2013). The focus of this company's strategy is to minimize the company's internal problems so as to seize more market opportunities (Sari, 2017). The focuses of turnround strategy are minimizing the internal company problems and then reclaim better markets and focusing on strategies in order to take advantage of market opportunities and minimize internal weaknesses of the company (Amalia, 2016) or WO (Weakness -Opportunities) strategy. The WO strategy matrix in Table 8.

Managerial Implications
Based on the SWOT matrix analysis, the applicable managerial implications for the Central Government DUH DV IROORZV (VWDEOLVKLQJ PRUH HIIHFWLYH DQG HI¿FLHQW coordination, synchronization and harmonization forums so that the regions can fully understand the process of DAK KP activities and their proposing procedures and convey information related to menu of activities, timeline, proposing procedures, and other matters through social media, electronics, as well as correspondence to the local government. The central government also needs to hold an evaluation forum between the central and regional levels at the end of the current year in order to accommodate all of the DULVLQJ SUREOHPV LQ WKH ¿HOG DQG DFFRPPRGDWH WKH regional aspirations regarding the required menu by the region as input in the following year. The central government will accommodate and sort out proposals from local governments and determine which menu that the majority of the regions need, and the government adjusts those menus with National Priorities.  Creating integrated DAK applications by the Central Government, and the applications should be accessible to central and local governments, easy to apply and multifunctional. Multifunctional is intended for applications not only to be used for proposal submission, but can also be used for reporting and consultation. The supervision of the entire process of DAK KP activities in the regions is also indispensable in the planning and monitoring process. Regional readiness is greatly LPSRUWDQW WR IXO¿OO GXULQJ WKH SODQQLQJ SURFHVV LQ RUGHU to expect no obstacles during implementation process.
Monitoring is intended to anticipate any problems in WKH ¿HOG RU WKH HPHUJLQJ GHYLDWLRQV GXULQJ WKH '$. implementation process.
Based on the SWOT matrix analysis, the applicable managerial implications for the local government LQFOXGH &RQGXFWLQJ FRXQVHOLQJ RQ WKH EHQH¿WV of DAK KP to prospective recipients so the potential recipients understand the activities of DAK KP and its programs better. Increased training and skill development of potential recipients are also required to actualize the program and optimize the utilization of DAK KP activities.
(2) Providing assistance to all process of DAK KP activity is also greatly QHFHVVDU\ HVSHFLDOO\ WR WKH UHJLRQDO PDULQH DQG ¿VKHU\ department. It conducts monitoring to identify the development or progress of DAK KP activities and the RFFXUULQJ SUREOHPV LQ WKH ¿HOG GXULQJ WKH SURFHVV RI DAK implementation activities.

Conclusions
Based on the results of the analysis conducted, it can EH FRQFOXGHG '$. .3 YDULDEOH KDV QR VLJQL¿FDQW HIIHFWV RQ FDSWXUH ¿VKHULHV SURGXFWLRQ EXW KDV VLJQL¿FDQW HIIHFWV RQ DTXDFXOWXUH ¿VKHULHV SURGXFWLRQ This indicates that the allocation of DAK KP still has not provided an outcome in line with the expectation to LQFUHDVH ¿VKHU\ SURGXFWLRQ WKXV SURYLQJ WKDW WKHUH DUH still constraints in the distribution of DAK KP, especially LQ FDSWXUH ¿VKHULHV 7KH PDLQ FRQVWUDLQW RI '$. KP distribution based on the result of the weighting of the internal factor matrix is the regional readiness factor; while based on the weighting of the matrix of external factors, it is a political factor; (3) The result of strategy formulation analysis with SWOT matrix represents that the local government is in quadrant III. Recommended strategy alternatives are to increase the effectiveness of socialization activities and expand the intensity of communication with the local government; WR FRQGXFW D FRXQVHOLQJ SURJUDP RQ WKH EHQH¿WV RI DAK KP, training, and skill development to potential EHQH¿FLDULHV DQG WR FUHDWH LQWHJUDWHG DSSOLFDWLRQV between the central and local governments; and to assist the entire process of regional DAK KP activities.

Recommendations
Based on the results of the research and conclusions put forward, suggestions based on the results of the analysis conducted are as follows: (1) the local governments are expected to improve the realization of DAK KP disbursement by overcoming weaknesses and taking advantage of opportunities; (2) the central government is expected to provide policies that support the region in order to accelerate the distribution of DAK KP; dan (3) further research can analyze the distribution strategy of '$. IRU RWKHU ¿HOGV