Fenologi Perubahan Warna Daun pada <i>Terminalia catappa, Ficus glauca</i>, dan <i>Cassia fistula </i>
Abstract
Phenology refers to the study of seasonal appearances and timing of biological life-cycle events, such as flowering, leaf shedding, and leaf color changing. Landscapes could be enriched visually by employing these dynamic seasonal qualities in the design. Trees’ leaf color changing phenology is rarely considered in tree selection although it has a big potential to enhance a landscape’s aesthetics. To propose the right trees in the design, we need to understand when and how trees change. The objectives of this study were observing leaf color changing phenology of three tree species: Ficus glauca, Terminalia catappa, and Cassia fistula; comparing the results of chlorophyll content analysis and digital image analysis, and analyzing the correlation between chlorophyll content and climatic factors. The leaf color changing phenology was observed by two measurements, chlorophyll content and RGB (Red, Green, Blue) channel values. The lowest chlorophyll content in F. glauca and T. catappa was observed during the first weeks of January, while in C. fistula, was during the last weeks of December. F. glauca changed its leaf color from green to yellow right before leaf-shedding, T. catappa leaves changed from green to orange or red. C. fistula leaf color was shades of green. There were strong correlations between Red & Green values and chlorophyll content in F. glauca and T. catappa, but not in C. fistula. There was no climatic factor that had a significant correlation with the chlorophyll contents of any observed species. Future study is encouraged to cover the unobserved period and factors.
Downloads
References
Arnon, D. I. 1949. Copper Enzymes in Isolated Chloroplasts. Polyphenoloxidase in Beta vulgaris. Plant Physiology. 24(1): 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.24.1.1
[BMKG]. 2017. Data iklim Kota Bogor dan sekitarnya bulan Agustus 2016 hingga Februari 2017. [Tidak dipublikasi]
Chaney, W. R. 1997. Why Leaves Change Color - The Physiological Basis. The Department of Forestry and Natural Resources. https://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/fnr/fnr-faq-5.pdf (diakses 20 Apr 2019).
Fitchett, J. M., Grab, S. W., Thompson, D. I. 2015. Plant phenology and climate change. Progress in Physical Geography: Earth and Environment. 39(4): 460–482. https://doi.org/10.1177/0309133315578940
Gilman, E. F., Watson, D. G., Klein, R. W., Koeser, A. K., Hilbert, D. R., McLean, D. C. 2018. Terminalia catappa: West Indian-Almond. https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/pdffiles/ST/ST62600.pdf (diakses 24 Apr 2019).
Godbold, D., Tullus, A., Kupper, P., Sõber, J., Ostonen, I., Godbold, J. A., Lukac, M., Ahmed I. U., Smith, A. R. 2014. Elevated atmospheric CO2 and humidity delay leaf fall in Betula pendula, but not in Alnus glutinosa or Populus tremula × tremuloides. Annals of Forest Science. 71(8): 831–842. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-014-0382-4
Lee, D. W., & Gould, K. S. 2002. Why leaves turn red. American Scientist. 90(6): 524–531. https://doi.org/10.1511/2002.39.794
Li, Y., He, N., Hou, J., Xu, L., Liu, C., Zhang, J., Wang Q., Zhang X., Wu, X. 2018. Factors Influencing Leaf Chlorophyll Content in Natural Forests at the Biome Scale. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 6: 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2018.00064
Milton, K., Windsor, D. M., Morrison, D. W., Estribi, M. A. 1982. Fruiting Phenologies of Two Neotropical Ficus Species. Ecology. 63(3): 752–762. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/1936796
Moza, M. K., Bhatnagar, A. K. 2005. Phenology and climate change. Current Science. 89(2): 243–244.
Muderrisoglu, H., Aydin, S., Yerli, O., Kutay, E. 2009. Effects of colours and forms of trees on visual perceptions. Pakistan Journal of Botany. 41(6): 2697–2710.
Murakami, P. F., Turner, M. R., Van Den Berg, A. K., Schaberg, P. G. 2005. An Instructional Guide for Leaf Color Analysis using Digital Imaging Software. www.scioncorp.com
Noviawanti, N. 2014. Periode pembungaan pohon dan aplikasinya dalam taman. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Orwa, C., Mutua, A., Kindt, R., Jamnadass, R., Anthony, S. 2009. Cassia fistula Fabaceae - Caesalpinioideae. Agroforestry Database 4.0 (Vol. 0). http://www.worldagroforestry.org/sites/treedbs/treedatabases.asp
Ougham, H. J., Morris, P., Thomas, H. 2005. The Colors of Autumn Leaves as Symptoms of Cellular Recycling and Defenses Against Environmental Stresses. Current Topics in Developmental Biology. 66: 135–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0070-2153(05)66004-8
Rahmania, F. 2002. Studi fenologi tanaman hias peneduh. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Schneider, C. A., Rasband, W. S., Eliceiri, K. W. 2012. NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods. 9(7): 671–675. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089
Shimoji, H., Tokuda, G., Tanaka, Y., Moshiri, B., Yamasaki, H. 2006. A simple method for two-dimensional color analyses of plant leaves. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology. 53(1): 126–133. https://doi.org/10.1134/s102144370601016x
Thomson, L., Evans, B. 2006. Terminalia catappa (tropical almond). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry, ver.2.2(April): 1–20. http://agroforestry.net/tti/T.catappa-tropical-almond.pdf (diakses 20 Apr 2019).
Tinche. 2006. Studi fenologi pembungaan dan flushing fabaceae. Bogor: Institut Pertanian Bogor.
Tyrväinen, L., Pauleit, S., Seeland, K., De Vries, S. 2005. Benefits and uses of urban forests and trees. Urban Forests and Trees: A Reference Book, 81–114. Berlin: Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27684-X_5
Zhang, M., De Baerdemaeker, J., Schrevens, E. 2003. Effects of different varieties and shelf storage conditions of chicory on deteriorative color changes using digital image processing and analysis. Food Research International. 36(7): 669–676. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(03)00015-2
This journal permits and encourages authors to post items submitted to the journal on personal websites or institutional repositories both prior to and after publication, while providing bibliographic details that credit, if applicable, its publication in this journal. However, after the article is submitted and published in this journal, it is fully copyrighted by the Jurnal Lanskap Indonesia or JLI. If excerpts from other copyrighted works are included, the author must obtain written permission from the copyright owner and give credit to the source in the article. Then, the writer or reader is allowed to copy, share, and redistribute articles/material in any form. But it must still include the appropriate source and credit because the article in this journal is licensed by Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
I. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
II. Proposed Policy for Journals That Offer Delayed Open Access
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication, with the work after publication simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
