THE INFLUENCE OF RELIGIOSITY, ECONOMIC PRESSURE, FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT, AND STRESS LEVELS TOWARDS FAMILY QUALITY OF LIFE DURING COVID-19 PANDEMIC IN INDONESIA

An increased number of coronavirus cases infection has resulted in instability of household, which has an impact on family quality of life (QoL), and the facts during Covid-19 pandemic are contrary to the structural-functional theory, which emphasizes system stability and balance. This study aims to analyze the effect of religiosity, economic pressure, stress levels, and family management on family QoL during the Covid-19 pandemic and to analyze family typology based on stress levels, economic pressure, and family QoL. This study uses a quantitative approach and voluntary sampling method with 270 respondents selected based on criteria of working mothers or homemakers with working husbands. The higher frequency of religiosity and the smaller the economic pressure, the lower risk of high-stress levels. The high-stress levels and economic pressure decrease the family QoL, but the QoL increase if the family can carry out good financial management. Increasing the frequency of religiosity would improve family QoL by reducing stress levels. The typology is dominated by economic pressure and low QoL, while the typology of stress level and balanced QoL is dominated by the best type (low-stress levels, high QoL) and both low types. Reduced economic pressure, improved financial management, and stress management are important to preserve or improve QoL. kualitas hidup melalui penurunan tingkat stres. Tipologi didominasi oleh tekanan ekonomi dan kualitas hidup keduanya rendah, sedangkan tipologi tingkat stres dan kualitas hidup seimbang didominasi oleh tipe terbaik (tingkat stres rendah, kualitas hidup tinggi) dan tipe keduanya rendah. Untuk mempertahankan atau memperbaiki kualitas hidup perlu mengurangi tekanan ekonomi, memperbaiki cara manajemen keuangan, dan pengelolaan stres yang baik.


INTRODUCTION
The Covid-19 pandemic has a massive impact on the human life sector, particularly household life, and can be measured or seen through factors that affect the family quality of life (QoL), such as religiosity, economic pressure, stress, and financial management. According to the WHO (2021), Covid-19 is an infectious disease caused by a coronavirus. For example, the virus is easily infected through saliva droplets, especially in humans with low immunity levels. BPS (2020) attached that the national Human Development Index only increased by 0.03 percent. A decrease influences the Purchasing power parities (PPP) by 2.53 percent due to the weakening of the family economy during the pandemic (OECD, 2021). Gibson and Olivia (2020) revealed, decreased consumption during the Covid-19 pandemic resulted in (causes) a national poverty rate increase of about 9.78 percent (26.42 million people). In addition, there have been irregularities or imbalances in life, such as work and education fields (Hanoatubun, 2020;Syah, 2020). These things affect the family QoL during the Covid-19.
According to the structural-functional and system theory, the changes during the Covid-19 pandemic disturb the stability and balance of the family system (Puspitawati, 2012). In particular, various threats ranging from physical/psychological and economic health can emotionally impact QoL. For this reason, according to ABC-X theory, families must have the capacity to avoid or deal with family crises (Maryam, 2017). One of the consequences of the crisis is the emergence of stress symptoms such as physical, psychological, and behavioral, and it requires a coping strategy to deal with changing demands during the Covid-19 pandemic (Rosino, 2016). Religiosity and sound financial management are coping strategies by utilizing family values and capacities to adapt to stressful events (Carroll et al., 2020;Sakellari et al., 2017). Buana (2020) revealed that meditation and worship at home could increase life expectancy and see the positive side of life. It means that families can still experience a good QoL even in the conditions of the Covid-19 pandemic. Rahmah's (2018) findings state that religiosity factors contribute positively to the development of life. Individuals with high religiosity will tend to accept the situations and conditions they experience because they appreciate religious values to form high QoL. In addition, high religiosity will reduce symptoms of depression and form better mental health (Burlacu et al., 2019).
In addition to improving the QoL through religiosity, the families of Covid-19 survivors are also expected to avoid economic pressure. Economic pressure influences the QoL subjectively and objectively (Kumalasari, Herawati, & Simanjuntak, 2018). When the family's economic pressure is high, it tends to increase symptoms of depression, which leads to high levels of stress (Sarrasin, Green, Potarca, Bolzman, & Kuhn, 2019). In addition, stress as a significant predictor of QoL is related to physical and mental health. By the ABC-X theory of stress, families will survive if they face life transitions (Azizah & Hartanti, 2016). Furthermore, financial problems due to confusion in managing finances are also a major trigger for stress, and if it occurs continuously, it will result in a decline in the family QoL. Furthermore, high economic pressure, stress levels, and low financial management will result in low family QoL.
Special research on religiosity has been studied by Megawaty (2016) as well as Muhammad, Muflikhati, and Simanjuntak (2019), economic pressure by Kumalasari et al. (2018), financial management by Chae, Park, and Jang (2020), and stress levels by Hsiao, Higgins, Pierce, Whitby, and Tandy (2017), but the subjects studied were not families of Covid-19 survivors. Previous research has proven that several factors influence religiosity, stress levels, financial management, economic status, so all these variables can affect QoL.
Based on this description, the family QoL during the Covid-19 pandemic was disrupted based on previous studies. However, from previous studies reviewed through other criteria, many other determinants of QoL have not been studied. There is not much research on the family QoL of Covid-19 survivors, especially in religiosity, economic pressure, financial management, and stress levels. Various changes experienced by families during the Covid-19 pandemic is essential and exciting study to measure families' QoL so that the government and families can also evaluate and improve their competence. This study aims to analyze the influence of religiosity, economic pressure, financial management, and stress levels on the family QoL and analyze family typology based on stress levels, economic pressure, and family QoL during the Covid-19 pandemic. This research is expected to provide benefits and contributions to various groups, including a reference for further research. For families, this study can be used as material for selfevaluation to improve the mother's competence to each individual in the family and the relationships between individuals in it, especially between husbands, wives, and children. This research is expected to provide helpful information related to religiosity, economic pressure, stress levels, financial management, and the QoL during the Covid-19 pandemic for the wider community.
The related variable in this study is quality of life (Y1). The independent variables include religiosity (X1), economic pressure (X2), financial management (X3), and stress level (X4). The conceptual and empirical framework of the factors that influence the family QoL based on the literature review is presented in Figure 1. In this study, the hypothesis that tested is: H1 : religiosity has a significant negative effect on stress levels H2 : religiosity has a significant positive impact on financial management H3 : economic pressure has a significant negative impact on financial management H4 : financial management has a significant negative effect on stress levels H5 : economic pressure has a significant positive effect on stress levels H6 : financial management has a significant positive effect on the quality of life H7 : religiosity has a significant positive effect on the quality of life H8 : stress level has a significant negative impact on the quality of life H9 : economic pressure has a significant negative impact on the quality of life

METHODS
Quantitative research was collected using online questionnaires with 270 respondents, and it was taken in December 2020 and distributed almost all over Indonesia. Based on the Covid-19 Handling Task Force (2020) data, almost all islands in Indonesia expose to the coronavirus. The unit of analysis in this study was the family, and the respondent was housewives. The determination of samples was carried out using non-probability sampling methods with voluntary sampling. The questionnaires were distributed through social media platforms such as WhatsApp, Twitter, and Instagram (Pace, 2021). The variables of religiosity, economic pressure, financial management, and stress levels were measured using the same Likert scale with a range of 1 to 4 (1 for never, 2 for rarely, 3 for often, and 4 for always).
Religiosity is the frequency of the family in carrying out religious activities. This religiosity variable measuring instrument was developed independently based on Islamic principles. The measurement involves 8 question items with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.720.
Economic pressure is defined as a perceived problem regarding the family's perception of financial problems. The economic pressure variable questionnaire refers to Lorenz, Conger, and Montague (2020) items with a Cronbach's alpha value is 0.703.
Financial management is defined as the use of financial resources owned by the family. The measurements were referenced and modified from Hakim et al. (2014) involved 10 question items consisting of planning dimensions (4 questions), implementation dimensions (3 questions, and evaluation dimensions (3 questions), and the Cronbach's alpha value of this instrument was 0.903.
Stress level is an assessment of stress through stress symptoms in terms of attitudes and inner feelings towards the presence of a stressor. The stress level variable questionnaire refers to Maulana and Iswari (2020). The Cronbach's alpha value is 0.909 and consists of 12 question items.
Quality of life is defined as the family's perceived satisfaction in life. The QoL questionnaire refers to The World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) (2004) with Cronbach's alpha value of 0.832. A total of 13 question items with a Likert scale of 1 to 5 (1 for strongly disagree, 2 for disagree, 3 for neutral, 4 for agree, and 5 for strongly agree).
Data were analyzed descriptively and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The analysis was carried out using SPSS 25.0 and LISREL 8.7 tools. Statistical analysis method, namely descriptive analysis, was used to describe the characteristics and variables studied in the form of average, standard deviation, minimum value, and maximum value of the data distribution. SEM analysis was used to answer the research objectives and determine the effect of religiosity, economic pressure, financial management, and stress levels on the quality of family life.

Family Characteristics
Respondent's Age and Education. The analysis units in this study were housewives and working mothers. The average age of mothers in this study was 36.8 years in the early adult category (63.7%), 18 to 40 years old. In addition, most respondents (72.6%) have more than 12 years of education, categorized as college education. Besides, 58.5 percent of the study's respondents were working, and 41.5 percent of the mothers in the study were housewives. Income, Expenses, Assets, and Debt. Table  1 shows that less than half of the families (42.2%) have bigger expenditures than income. It means many families still lack control over spending to exceed their income limit. The comparison of expenses equals income and expenses less than income classified as less than 30 percent. Also, the comparison of assets and debts to the sample family (47.8%) is classified as indebted. It means that quite several families have realized that it is better to avoid debt.

Factors Affect the Family Quality of Life
Based on the SEM model proposed in this study, testing the H1 to H9 hypothesis can be done through path coefficient (≤ 0.05) and tvalue (≥ 1.96). Table 2 shows the SEM model hypothesis test results in direct, indirect, and total effects. Stress levels are significantly affected by religiosity negatively, and economic pressure is significantly positive. It means that an increase in the frequency of worship and a decrease in economic pressure will prevent increased stress. Economic pressure, financial management, and stress levels significantly affect the QoL. It means that increased economic pressure, poor financial management, and high family stress levels will decrease the family QoL.
Two variable pathways affect the QoL through the endogenous latent variable, namely religiosity and the exogenous latent variable, namely economic pressure. Religiosity has an effect of 3.61 percent, and economic pressure affects 26.01 percent of stress levels. High economic pressures cause stress levels to rise. On the other hand, a person with a high level of religiosity will have low-stress levels. The family QoL is positively influenced by financial management by 2.89 percent, negatively by economic pressure by 5.29 percent, and negatively by stress levels by 10.24 percent. It means that higher financial management will make family QoL better. However, increased stress and economic pressure will decrease QoL.
Indirectly, religiosity can influence the QoL through a stress level of 6.08 percent. Although the results found that religiosity does not directly affect QoL, increasing the frequency of worship avoids stress, so it will also impact the increase in QoL. In addition, economic pressure can also indirectly affect the QoL through a stress level of 16.32 percent. In contrast to religiosity, the existence of economic pressure increases stress so that it has an impact on QoL assessment. Therefore, based on the description, the most effective entry route is economic pressure, affecting the QoL directly or indirectly.

Family Typology
Family typology in this study is distinguished into two, namely family typology based on economic pressure and QoL and stress levels and QoL. First, the typology of economic pressure is seen based on the distribution of categories of economic pressure and QoL. Based on Figure 2, the horizontal line depicting economic pressure will worsen if the provisions go left. On the other hand, the vertical line describes the higher QoL if the condition is getting upwards.

DISCUSSION
The majority of the families of Covid-19 survivors have relatively high education, and the income they get is sufficient. In addition, most husbands and wives are classified as early adults. Dominant families have expenses greater than income, and this is because the expenditure is less controlled in fulfilling desires but tends to have fewer families who have debt. In addition, during the Covid-19 pandemic, religiosity has a role in reducing stress. Families who carry out religious activities regularly tend to feel less stressed. In contrast to economic pressure, this pandemic has made it difficult for many families economically due to limited mobility. However, some families also feel that their economic conditions do not burden them, so the possibility of stress due to economic pressure is relatively small. Financial management can act as a strategy to avoid economic pressure. The allocation of financial resources is more well-organized, expenditures can be regulated, and financial evaluation is carried out to improve financial management in the future. Then, the process of financial management and controlling economic pressure lead families to have a better QoL.
The findings of this study are that there is an influence between religiosity and stress levels. Conditions during the Covid-19 pandemic can harm mental health, and religiosity is a preventive measure to reduce stress symptoms and maintain psychological conditions. Religiosity that is not appropriately used tends to maintain symptoms of stress. During the Covid-19 pandemic, some families feel less fortunate in life, and if it is not balanced with closeness to God, it will be difficult to against thoughts that cause stress. Research by Pajarianto, Kadir, Galugu, Sari, and Februanti (2020) states that changes and transitions during Covid-19 can trigger stress and be suppressed by performing worship. Based on Bakht and Batool's (2018) research, increasing religiosity will prioritize belief in God that all events have benefits and not something in vain. This religiosity acts as a regular reminder to Muslims that Allah loves and facilitates any resources (material, mental, and emotional) to navigate daily life (Abu-Hilal, Al-Bahrani, & Al-Zedjali, 2017).
This study did not find the effect of religiosity on financial management. Obedience in religion is not a benchmark to see the good or bad ways of managing family finances. The impact of poor financial management is debt and consumptive buying behavior, which is unrelated to family religious activities. This result is not in line with previous research, which states that religiosity can influence family financial governance and a preventive strategy for financial problems (Ahmad, Khairunnisa, & Gurendawati, 2020;Lajuni, Bujang, Karia, & Yacob, 2018). In addition, previous findings state concrete factors that affect financial management, such as financial knowledge, financial attitudes, and income (Nusron, Wahidiah, & Budiarto, 2018). In addition, religiosity also does not affect economic pressure. By carrying out religious activities or worship, it is not merely a family benchmark in providing perceptions of the economic pressures during the Covid-19 pandemic. In contrast, Syafitri and Hadjam (2017) found that religiosity tends to act as a protective factor from stressors in the form of pressures.
Research shows that financial management is not affected by economic pressure. Families with economically depressed do not immediately carry out financial management to improve their economic conditions because in carrying out financial management, they need to have further knowledge and research on financial literacy. According to Herawati, Ginting, Asngari, Susanto, and Puspitawati (2011), educational factors generally influence economic pressure. However, the ability of families to manage finances is not always influenced by educational background but rather the critical role of environment, experience, and lifestyle. Stein et al. (2013) found that apart from family economic pressure, financial management does not significantly affect family pressure, but financial management can be a strategy to achieve high life satisfaction.
Doing financial management did not make low family stress levels. The factor that forms stress is the presence of stressors, while financial management is allocating finances, not stressors. According to Bawuna, Rottie, and Onibala (2017), families tend to be stressed if they experience difficult life changes, such as economic pressure. Following the findings show that economic pressure affects family stress levels. The Covid-19 pandemic has impacted the family's economic sector, such as decreased income, difficulties in meeting basic needs, and even job loss. Families that are economically depressed and do not have enough capacity or resources to deal with these pressures tend to increase family crises, namely stress. During this pandemic, several families received financial assistance and education funds (in the form of quotas) to reduce financial spending, which is one of the stressors (Simanjuntak, Puspitawati, & Djamaludin, 2008). In addition, with low economic pressure, the relationship between family members will become more harmonious, and the percentage of increased stress will decrease (Masarik et al., 2016).
The subsequent finding is the effect of financial management on QoL. In the case of before the Covid-19 pandemic, the family had managed their finances well, the possibility of the family having a low QoL tended to decline. This is because families can allocate financial resources appropriately, for example, preparing an emergency fund. However, at the beginning of the pandemic, families began to experience financial shocks due to massive job cuts when emergency funds would be used to meet their daily needs. In addition, the need for health funds has also increased, especially if there are families affected by the coronavirus. Research by D' Rummo, Miller, TenNapel, and Shen (2020), Herawati, Simanjuntak, and Kumalasari (2021), and Spencer et al. (2017 found that a decreased QoL could be caused by a poor way of managing family finances because it had an impact on low family survival. Previous research also said that the QoL is measured by financial behavior, life satisfaction, and physical health (Curran, Parrott, Ahn, Serido, & Shim, 2018).
Based on religiosity and QoL findings, the frequency of worship has nothing to do with improving or reducing the family QoL. Worship alone cannot improve the QoL, so it is necessary to inculcate values in these religious activities. Previous research found that religiosity can predict the emotional and psychological aspects, so it tends to affect life satisfaction rather than the QoL directly (Sabri et al., 2021). In addition, QoL is influenced by complacency and prosperity over the condition and family's facilities (Simanjuntak & Sabrina, 2015). On the other hand, Rahmah (2018) claims that believing in holy things will motivate the family to improve abilities and reduce negative thoughts, thus enhancing the QoL. In addition, religiosity has a significant positive indirect effect on the family QoL through stress levels. Families that increase the intensity of religiosity during the Covid-19 pandemic will tend to have better mental health, improving or maintaining the quality of family life. Families with a high level of religiosity tend to be more satisfied with their lives because this gives an impression on mental and emotional health (Burlacu et al., 2019;Duarte, Lucchetti, Teixeira, & Rigatto, 2020).
Research has found that if during the Covid-19 pandemic the family has an excellent ability to manage stress, then the perceived QoL will lead to a positive, and vice versa. Stress is strongly influenced by responsibilities such as roles in work and family, which will impact the family QoL that experience it directly or indirectly. This analysis is in line with previous research conducted by Zainuddin, Utomo, and Herlina (2015), the more a person is depressed (stress), the more their views and perceptions of life will impact the QoL. Maintaining each individual's physical and psychological conditions is the same as maintaining the family structure. Family member experiences a decrease in physical/psychological condition, resulting in a temporary change in roles, functions, and tasks, causing system instability. Individuals who are stressed may feel unsatisfied with their lives due to insecurity (Hsiao et al., 2017;McStay, Trembath, & Dissanayake, 2014).
The Covid-19 pandemic has increased economic pressure on some families as measured by the difficulty of meeting basic needs and a drastic decrease in income. This study found that economic pressure can have an impact on decreasing QoL. The more economically depressed the QoL will decline (Kumalasari et al., 2018;Yeung & Xu, 2012). These results indicate that families under economic stress tend to have poor mental health, cognitive function, and a low sense of control. Raharjo, Puspitawati, and Pranaji (2015) found that economic pressure can increase conflict and feelings of depression, decreasing family welfare and QoL. It means that families that can control the pressure, especially the economy, will reduce problems to improve the QoL. In addition, there is a concept that can see the spread of economic pressures and stress levels felt by families during the Covid-19 pandemic through family typology.
Typology of economic pressure is seen based on the distribution of categories of economic pressure and QoL. Type I is the best, namely low economic pressure and high QoL. It means that low economic pressure will lead to a higher QoL. Type II (not optimal) shows that the economic pressure experienced by the family is high, but the family still feels a good or high QoL. Type III or classified as high economic pressure and low QoL. Type IV indicates economic stress and low QoL. It shows that although the economic pressure experienced is joint, they will not significantly impact the Family QoL. It means that other variables can affect the increase in the QoL. Based on the distribution of stress levels and QoL, type I is the best type with low-stress levels and high QoL. Type II is a type that is not optimal because the level of family stress is still high. Even though the QoL is also high, families can still enjoy life. Type III is the worst type, and this is because the level of family stress is high and the QoL is low. Finally, type IV presents equally low levels of stress and QoL. This research has some limitations and can be a reference for future research, including (1) uneven distribution of respondents in all regions in Indonesia, especially the uneven distribution of urban and village areas; (2) the selected analysis unit is the mother who describes the whole family. Further research may include reports of husbands or children over 17 years, so the information obtained would be more complex and based on various points of view; and (3) this study does not use open questions or conduct in-depth interviews. We recommend that similar studies incorporate in-depth interviews to get more detailed answers from the respondents.

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
Based on the result, it is known that economic pressure, financial management, and stress levels affect the family QoL. Religiosity affects QoL through stress levels. In the typology of economic pressure and QoL, most families tend to meet basic needs, but during the Covid-19 pandemic, families are less able to enjoy life because they are not free to live life. For the typology of stress levels and QoL, most families do not feel stressed, but many are satisfied, and some are dissatisfied with life because many life expectations were not achieved during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Increase the inculcation of positive Muslim values; the Ministry of Religion, which functions as the implementer of education and training to family, can carry out this function through technology such as social media (for example, through content feeds on Instagram). One of the impacts of Covid-19 on the family's economic life is the limited availability of necessities, so many families are stockpiling food in droves. The Ministry of Economy needs to keep the prices of daily necessities from rising significantly and even stagnating or falling. During the Covid-19 pandemic, many micro trader families were affected by the decline in people's purchasing power. The government needs to give leeway to trader families to continue their business and that the unemployment rate does not increase, for example, by not limiting opening hours but limiting the number of people that can transact directly. To control financial conditions, the Financial Services Authority is mandated to provide special education (such as financial allocation by category and the importance of emergency funds) to families about financial literacy and management. In addition, to prevent and avoid stress for the family (both parents and children), the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection provides counseling services to families experiencing stress. It encourages parents to educate in a child-friendly way (for example, consistently monitoring and evaluating children's learning activities). Future research is expected to expand the scope of questions or research methods, such as open-ended questions (allowing longer answers) and in-depth interviews. In addition, further research can also measure the QoL more specifically, namely based on subjective and objective, thus generating more specific results.