Low Emission Policies of G20 Member Countries and Export Performance of Indonesian Motor Vehicles IPB University
Article Sidebar
Accepted
20 June 2023
Published
16 July 2023
Keywords:
-
automotive, electric vehicle, G20, low emission, panel data regression
Abstract
Indonesia is one of the world's motor vehicle exporters, ranking 14th globally, 11th in the G20, and 2nd in ASEAN. The increasing emissions from the transportation sector have prompted the G20 countries to implement a low-emission policy through an electric vehicle policy. Concerns arose over the decline in Indonesia's exports of oil-fueled motor vehicles to G20 member countries. This study aims to analyze differences in the performance of Indonesia's motor vehicle exports when the EVP policy was implemented in 11 G20 member countries in 2012-2021. RCA, EPD, X-Model, and panel data regression are the research methods used. Results of RCA analysis show that Indonesia has comparative competitiveness with Mexico, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa. Regarding EPD and X-Model, Indonesian motor vehicle products are in a falling star position with less potential market development. Panel data regression analysis shows that the variable GDP per capita of the destination country, Indonesia's dummy EVP, destination country's dummy EVP is positive and significant. Meanwhile, the economic distance variable has a negative and significant effect, but the real exchange rate, import tariffs, and dummy Covid-19 variables are not significant. Policy recommendations from analysis findings in the form of market intelligence, production incentives, purchase incentives, to the implementation of the Mutual Recognition Arrangement (MRA) scheme.
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[Kemendag] Kementerian Perdagangan Republik Indonesia. 2014. Perkembangan Komponen Otomotif di Indonesia. Tersedia pada: http://djpen.kemendag.go.id/app_frontend/admin/docs/publication/1381421058063.pdf
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[Kemenperin] Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia. 2021. Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Industri Otomotif Edisi I. Jakarta (ID). Tersedia pada: https://kemenperin.go.id/download/26655/Buku-Analisis-Industri-Otomotif-2021
[KESDM] Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia. 2022. Tekan Emisi Karbon, Indonesia Naikkan Target E-NDC Jadi 32 Persen.
Kim E. 2020. Factors Affecting the Adoption of Innovative Durable Household Goods: Cases of EV and PV in Korea. Dissertation in Economics. Graduate School of Seoul National University. https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/169384/1/000000162888.pdf
Kim S dan Yang Z. 2016. PROMOTING ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN KOREA. International Council on Clean Transportation. Tersedia pada: https://theicct.org/promoting-electric-vehicles-in-korea/
Kis-Katos K dan Sparrow R. 2015. Poverty, Labor Markets and Trade Liberalization in Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics. 117: 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.005
Kohn E, Huang C, Kong N, Hardman S. 2022. Electric Vehicle Incentives in 15 Leading Electric Vehicle Markets. UC Davis Research Reports. Tersedia pada: https://escholarship.org/content/qt0tn2p4x6/qt0tn2p4x6.pdf
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Mankiw G. 2018. Pengantar Ekonomi Makro Edisi 7. Jakarta (ID): Salemba Empat.
Mock P dan Yang Z. 2014. A Global Comparison Of Fiscal Incentive Policy For Electric Vehicles. International Council on Clean Transportation. Tersedia pada: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EV-fiscal-incentives_20140506.pdf
Noblet CL, Teisl MF, dan Rubin J. 2006. Factors affecting consumer assessment of eco-labeled vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 11(6): 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.08.002
Nuraman L. 2019. Dampak kebijakan LCGC dan faktor makro ekonomi terhadap permintaan, ekspor dan impor mobil Indonesia. [skripsi]. Bandung (ID): Universitas Katolik Parahyangan.
Nurhayati E, Hartoyo S, dan Mulatsih S. 2019. Analisis Pengembangan Ekspor Pala, Lawang, dan Kapulaga Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia. 19(2): 173-190. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2019.11
Ogunkunbi GA, Havraz KYAZ, dan Ferenc M. 2021. Evidence-Based Market Overview of Incentives and Disincentives in Electric Mobility. Future Transportation 1. No 2: 290-302. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1020017
Onofrei M, Vatamanu AF, dan Cigu E. 2022. The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis. Frontiers in Environmental Science 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.934885
Perwira AR. 2021. Analisis Daya Saing dan Potensi Ekspor Mobil Indonesia di Kawasan Asia Selatan. Ekombis Sains: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, dan Bisnis. 6(2): 121-132. https://doi.org/10.24967/ekombis.v6i2.1308
Perwira AR. 2021. Investigating the Export Competitiveness of Indonesian Automobile in the Middle-East Countries. JURNAL AKUNTANSI, EKONOMI DAN MANAJEMEN BISNIS. 9(2): 111-121. https://doi.org/10.30871/jaemb.v9i2.2889
Perwira AR. 2021. The Determinant Factors of Automobile Production in Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal. 10(1): 22-31. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v10i1.42270
Perwira AR. 2021. The Export Determinants of Indonesian Automobile in the Selected Middle-East Countries. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen dan Ekonomi. 23(1): 18-28. https://doi.org/10.32424/1.jame.2021.23.1.4049
[PwC] PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2022. Riding the momentum of Indonesia's automotive industry recovery.
Rosenbloom J. 2019. Political and economic factors shaping global vehicle emissions regulations. International Council on Clean Transportation.
Sa’adah N. 2019. Upaya Peningkatan Standar Emisi Kendaraan Indonesia Terkait Pasar Otomotif Dalam Kerangka AEC. eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. 7(1): 55-68.
Salvatore D. 2013. International Economics 11th Edition. Danvers (USA): John Wiley & Sons Inc.
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[Trademap] Trade Statistics for International Business Development. 2022. Trade Map Database. [diunduh pada 2023 Januari]. Tersedia pada: https://www.trademap.org
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[WITS] World Integrated Trade Solution. [internet]. [diunduh pada Januari 2023]. Tersedia pada: http://wits.worldbank.org
Zhang X, Jian X, Rao Rao, dan Yanni Liang. 2014. Policy Incentives for the Adoption of Electric Vehicles across Countries. Sustainability 6. No 11: 8056-8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6118056
Ahman M. 2006. Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan. Energy Policy. 34(4): 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2004.06.011
Balassa B. 1965. Trade liberalisation and “revealed” comparative advantage. Manchester School of Economic and Social Studies. 33: 99–123. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1965.tb00050.x
Bato AR. 2014. Perdagangan Intra Industri Indonesia dengan Beberapa Negara Partner Dagang. EcceS: Economics, Social, and Development Studies. 7(1): 28-40. https://doi.org/10.24252/ecc.v1i1.1181
[BKPerdag] Badan Kebijakan Perdagangan. 2022. KINERJA PERDAGANGAN INDONESIA MARET 2022, MASIH TERUS MENGUAT. Tersedia pada: https://bkperdag.kemendag.go.id/media_content/2022/05/file_kajian_kinerja_perdagangan_ekspor_impor_202205311016312rejhdfw3b.pdf
Cansino JM, Antonio SB, dan Teresa SD. 2018. Policy Instruments to Promote Electro-Mobility in the EU28: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability 10. No 7: 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/su10072507
CMS. 2018. Electric Vehicle Regulation And Law in China, Germany, Mexico, Saudi Arabia. [internet]. [diunduh pada Januari 2023]. Tersedia pada: https://cms.law/en/int/expert-guides/cms-expert-guide-to-electric-vehicles/china
Dechezleprêtre A dan Sato M. 2017. The Impacts of Environmental Regulations on Competitiveness. Review of Environmental Economics and Policy. 11(2): 181-360. https://doi.org/10.1093/reep/rex013
[Ditjen PPI] Direktorat Jenderal Perundingan Perdagangan Internasional Kementerian Perdagangan Republik Indonesia. 2022. Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement.
Du Y. 2021. The Impact of Environmental Regulation on Technological Innovation of Automobile Industry in China’s Market- A Case by Tesla. Advances in Economics, Business and Management Research. 203: 1957-1963. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.211209.319
[EDGAR] Emissions Database for Global Atmospheric Research. 2021. GHG emissions of all world countries. Tersedia pada: https://edgar.jrc.ec.europa.eu/report_2021
Estherhuizen D. 2006. An Evaluation of The Competitiveness of the South African Agribusiness Sector. [disertasi]. Pretoria (ZAF): University of Pretoria. 114.
Firdaus M. 2011. Aplikasi Ekonometrika untuk Data Panel dan Time Series. Bogor (ID): IPB Press
Firdaus M, Irawan T, Ahmad FS, Siregar H, Siswara D, Jakariya R. 2020. Aplikasi Model Ekonometrika dengan Rstudio (Model Time-Series, Panel, Spatial). Bogor (ID): IPB Press
Folkvord F, Veltri GA, Lupiáñez-Villanueva F, Tornese P, Codagnone C, Gaskell G. 2020. The effects of ecolabels on environmentally- and health-friendly cars: an online survey and two experimental studies. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. 25: 883–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-019-01644-4
[Gaikindo] Gabungan Industri Kendaraan Bermotor Indonesia. 2012-2023. [internet]. [diunduh pada Januari 2023]. Tersedia pada: https://files.gaikindo.or.id/
García C, Gómez RS, García CB. 2018. A choice of the ridge factor from the correlation matrix determinant. Journal of Statistical Computation and Simulation. 2(89): 211–231. https://doi.org/10.1080/00949655.2018.1543423
GreenCape. 2022. 2022 Electric Vehicles Market Intelligence Report. Tersedia pada: https://www.westerncape.gov.za/110green/files/atoms/files/EV_MIR_29_3_22_FINAL.pdf
Gujarati DN. 2004. Basic Econometrics, 4th Edition. The McGraw-Hill Inc.
[IEA] International Energy Agency. 2019. Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme (EVHS) and Workplace Charging Scheme (WCS) Chargepoint Authorisation.
[IEA] International Energy Agency. 2020. Global EV Outlook 2020 – Analysis. IEA. Tersedia pada: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2020
[IEA] International Energy Agency. 2021. Global EV Outlook 2021 - Accelerating ambitions despite the pandemic. Tersedia pada: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2021
[IEA] International Energy Agency. 2022. Global EV Outlook 2022. Tersedia pada: https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2022
[IEA HEV] International Energy Agency HEV. 2016. Hybrid and Electric Vehicles The Electric Drive Commutes. Tersedia pada: https://ieahev.org/wp-content/themes/newTheme/assets/pdfs/2016_annual_report.pdf
[IESR] Institute for Essential Services Reform. 2022. Indonesia Energy Transition Tracking Progress of Energy Transition in Indonesia : Aiming for Net-Zero Emissions by 2050. Jakarta: IESR. Tersedia pada: https://iesr.or.id/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Indonesia-Energy-Transition-Outlook-2022-IESR-Digital-Version-.pdf
Inayah I, Oktaviani R, Daryanto HK. 2016. The Analysis of Export Determinant of Indonesian Pepper in the International Market. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR). 5(11): 1856-1860. DOI: 10.21275/ART20163261
Juanda B. 2009. Ekonometrika : Pemodelan dan Pendugaan. Bogor (ID): IPB Press
[Kemendag] Kementerian Perdagangan Republik Indonesia. 2014. Perkembangan Komponen Otomotif di Indonesia. Tersedia pada: http://djpen.kemendag.go.id/app_frontend/admin/docs/publication/1381421058063.pdf
[Kemenhub] Kementerian Perhubungan Republik Indonesia. 2020. Rencana Strategis (Renstra) Balai Pengujian Laik Jalan Dan Sertifikasi Kendaraan Bermotor Tahun 2020-2024. Tersedia pada: https://hubdat.dephub.go.id/media/documents/Renstra_BPLJSKB_Tahun_2020-2024-1.pdf
[Kemenperin] Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia. 2013. LCGC. Media Industri. 3: 8-23. Tersedia pada: https://kemenperin.go.id/download/4902
[Kemenperin] Kementerian Perindustrian Republik Indonesia. 2021. Dampak Pandemi Covid-19 Terhadap Industri Otomotif Edisi I. Jakarta (ID). Tersedia pada: https://kemenperin.go.id/download/26655/Buku-Analisis-Industri-Otomotif-2021
[KESDM] Kementerian Energi Dan Sumber Daya Mineral Republik Indonesia. 2022. Tekan Emisi Karbon, Indonesia Naikkan Target E-NDC Jadi 32 Persen.
Kim E. 2020. Factors Affecting the Adoption of Innovative Durable Household Goods: Cases of EV and PV in Korea. Dissertation in Economics. Graduate School of Seoul National University. https://s-space.snu.ac.kr/bitstream/10371/169384/1/000000162888.pdf
Kim S dan Yang Z. 2016. PROMOTING ELECTRIC VEHICLES IN KOREA. International Council on Clean Transportation. Tersedia pada: https://theicct.org/promoting-electric-vehicles-in-korea/
Kis-Katos K dan Sparrow R. 2015. Poverty, Labor Markets and Trade Liberalization in Indonesia. Journal of Development Economics. 117: 94–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2015.07.005
Kohn E, Huang C, Kong N, Hardman S. 2022. Electric Vehicle Incentives in 15 Leading Electric Vehicle Markets. UC Davis Research Reports. Tersedia pada: https://escholarship.org/content/qt0tn2p4x6/qt0tn2p4x6.pdf
Lambert F. 2022. Global market share of electric cars more than doubled in 2021 as the EV revolution gains steam. Electrek. Tersedia pada: https://electrek.co/2022/02/02/global-market-share-of-electric-cars-more-than-doubled-2021/
Lazar J dan McKenzie M. 2010. Electric vehicle standards in Australia. Standards Australia Limited. https://www.standards.org.au/StandardAU/Media/SA-Archive/OurOrganisation/News/Documents/EV-Standards-Workplan-29-October-final.pdf
Mahendra IPSD dan Widanta AABP. 2021. Analisis Faktor Ekspor Kendaraan CBU Roda Empat Dan Enam Indonesia Tahun 2015–2019. E-Jurnal Ekonomi dan Bisnis Universitas Udayana. 10(12): 1107-1114. https://doi.org/10.24843/EEB.2021.v10.i12.p06
Mankiw G. 2018. Pengantar Ekonomi Makro Edisi 7. Jakarta (ID): Salemba Empat.
Mock P dan Yang Z. 2014. A Global Comparison Of Fiscal Incentive Policy For Electric Vehicles. International Council on Clean Transportation. Tersedia pada: https://theicct.org/sites/default/files/publications/ICCT_EV-fiscal-incentives_20140506.pdf
Noblet CL, Teisl MF, dan Rubin J. 2006. Factors affecting consumer assessment of eco-labeled vehicles. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. 11(6): 422–431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2006.08.002
Nuraman L. 2019. Dampak kebijakan LCGC dan faktor makro ekonomi terhadap permintaan, ekspor dan impor mobil Indonesia. [skripsi]. Bandung (ID): Universitas Katolik Parahyangan.
Nurhayati E, Hartoyo S, dan Mulatsih S. 2019. Analisis Pengembangan Ekspor Pala, Lawang, dan Kapulaga Indonesia. Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia. 19(2): 173-190. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2019.11
Ogunkunbi GA, Havraz KYAZ, dan Ferenc M. 2021. Evidence-Based Market Overview of Incentives and Disincentives in Electric Mobility. Future Transportation 1. No 2: 290-302. https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp1020017
Onofrei M, Vatamanu AF, dan Cigu E. 2022. The Relationship Between Economic Growth and CO2 Emissions in EU Countries: A Cointegration Analysis. Frontiers in Environmental Science 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2022.934885
Perwira AR. 2021. Analisis Daya Saing dan Potensi Ekspor Mobil Indonesia di Kawasan Asia Selatan. Ekombis Sains: Jurnal Ekonomi, Keuangan, dan Bisnis. 6(2): 121-132. https://doi.org/10.24967/ekombis.v6i2.1308
Perwira AR. 2021. Investigating the Export Competitiveness of Indonesian Automobile in the Middle-East Countries. JURNAL AKUNTANSI, EKONOMI DAN MANAJEMEN BISNIS. 9(2): 111-121. https://doi.org/10.30871/jaemb.v9i2.2889
Perwira AR. 2021. The Determinant Factors of Automobile Production in Indonesia. Economics Development Analysis Journal. 10(1): 22-31. https://doi.org/10.15294/edaj.v10i1.42270
Perwira AR. 2021. The Export Determinants of Indonesian Automobile in the Selected Middle-East Countries. Jurnal Akuntansi, Manajemen dan Ekonomi. 23(1): 18-28. https://doi.org/10.32424/1.jame.2021.23.1.4049
[PwC] PricewaterhouseCoopers. 2022. Riding the momentum of Indonesia's automotive industry recovery.
Rosenbloom J. 2019. Political and economic factors shaping global vehicle emissions regulations. International Council on Clean Transportation.
Sa’adah N. 2019. Upaya Peningkatan Standar Emisi Kendaraan Indonesia Terkait Pasar Otomotif Dalam Kerangka AEC. eJournal Ilmu Hubungan Internasional. 7(1): 55-68.
Salvatore D. 2013. International Economics 11th Edition. Danvers (USA): John Wiley & Sons Inc.
Schroder M, Iwasaki F, Kobayashi H, Anazawa M, dan Ishioka A. 2021. Promotion of Electromobility in ASEAN: States, Carmakers, and International Production Networks. ERIA Research Project Report. 3: 1-32. https://www.eria.org/uploads/media/Research-Project-Report/2021-03-Promotion-Electromobility-ASEAN/5_ch.1-Current-Situation-Electric-Vehicle-ASEAN-2611.pdf
Shafique M, Anam A, Rafiq M, Xiaowei L. 2022. Life cycle assessment of electric vehicles and internal combustion engine vehicles: A case study of Hong Kong. Research in Transportation Economics. Vol 91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.retrec.2021.101112
[Trademap] Trade Statistics for International Business Development. 2022. Trade Map Database. [diunduh pada 2023 Januari]. Tersedia pada: https://www.trademap.org
Transport Policy. 2022. US: LIGHT-DUTY: EMISSIONS. Tersedia pada: https://www.transportpolicy.net/standard/us-light-duty-emissions/
[UNEP] UN Environment Programme. 2022. The Global Electric Vehicles Database. Tersedia pada: https://www.unep.org/resources/publication/global-electric-vehicle-policy-database
Wardani MA dan Mulatsih S. 2017. ANALISIS DAYA SAING DAN FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMENGARUHI EKSPOR BAN INDONESIA KE KAWASAN AMERIKA LATIN. JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN. 6(1): 81-100. https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.6.1.2017.81-100
[WITS] World Integrated Trade Solution. [internet]. [diunduh pada Januari 2023]. Tersedia pada: http://wits.worldbank.org
Zhang X, Jian X, Rao Rao, dan Yanni Liang. 2014. Policy Incentives for the Adoption of Electric Vehicles across Countries. Sustainability 6. No 11: 8056-8078. https://doi.org/10.3390/su6118056
Authors
AlqodriM. I., & Widyastutik. (2023). Low Emission Policies of G20 Member Countries and Export Performance of Indonesian Motor Vehicles: IPB University. JURNAL EKONOMI DAN KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN, 12(1), 41-68. https://doi.org/10.29244/jekp.12.1.2023.41-68
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