HAYATI Journal of Biosciences

Biosurfactant Activity of Bacillus sp. Strain LP04 Isolate and Its Antifungal Potency against Ganoderma boninense and Fusarium sp.

2024-04-04T13:37:10+07:00

Biosurfactants are a class of amphipathic molecules that various microorganisms can produce. Biosurfactants are used as biopesticides and biocontrol agents because they have antimicrobial activity, especially as antifungal agents in several species of fungal pathogens such as Ganoderma boninense and Fusarium sp. that attack crops. This study aims to detect the biosurfactant activity of Bacillus sp. and its potential as an antifungal agent against the fungi Ganoderma boninense and Fusarium sp. Biosurfactants were produced in mineral salt medium (MSM) by harvesting cell-free supernatants. Screening of biosurfactant-producing isolates was carried out using an oil-spreading assay, a hemolysis assay, and an emulsification index. The antifungal activity of the isolates was then tested using the agar diffusion method. The LP04 isolate was closely related to Bacillus thuringiensis with a 99% similarity level. It has the potential to have biosurfactant activity, which is characterized by a positive result on the oil spreading assay test and has an emulsification index of 48.33±2.87%. The cell-free supernatants of the bacterial isolate were able to inhibit the growth of Ganoderma boninense and Fusarium sp. with growth inhibition rates of 51.11% and 56.92%, respectively.

Genetic Diversity of Flying Fish (Exocoetidae) in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia

2024-04-04T13:37:09+07:00

Flying fish (Exocoetidae) is a pelagic fishery commodity that holds economic value among the people of eastern Indonesia. Flying fish are advantageous as they are abundant in Indonesian sea waters, making them an affordable source of omega-3, which is beneficial for human health. However, the high demand for flying fish has resulted in overfishing, which poses a risk of reducing their natural population. Proper management of this commodity is necessary to minimize these risks. Effective management requires adequate information, including genetic diversity data. This study aims to determine the genetic diversity of flying fish in Southeast Sulawesi, specifically in the Banda Sea and Bone Bay populations. Tissue samples were collected from flying fish in the two populations during the study in March 2022. The results show that the genetic diversity values of flying fish in Bone Bay and the Banda Sea were 0.984 and 1.00, respectively, while the nucleotide diversity values were 0.021 and 0.018. High genetic diversity values and nucleotide diversity values were found between the two populations, with values of 0.990 and 0.020, respectively. Based on phylogenetic analysis, the two populations in Southeast Sulawesi are genetically similar.

Virulence Evaluation of Aeromonas spp. KS-1 Isolated from Kitchen Sponge using Omphisa fuscidentalis Larvae

2024-04-04T13:37:17+07:00

Aeromonas spp. causes the human diseases including diarrhea, gastroenteritis, and bacteremia. Aeromonas spp. can be found in kitchen sponge, one of the reservoirs for food-borne bacterial pathogens. Virulence study of Aeromonas spp. in vivo in animal model is important since the animal model can mimic manifestasions in human infections. Omphisa fuscidentalis was chosen for alternative virulence model, since they are in the same taxonomical order with the well-known infections model, Galleria mellonella. Bacterial isolation and selection of kitchen sponge used Brain Heart Infusion agar and Endo Agar, respectively. Bacterial virulence of KS-1 was injected into Omphisa fuscidentalis larvae. Survival percentage and melanization score of infected larvae were evaluated. Hemolymph of larvae with melanization score of 1 and 4 were stained with Giemsa method to observe the hemocyte changes. Bacterial identification of isolate KS-1 based on 16S rRNA sequence resulted in 96.9% identity to Aeromonas spp. strain VS7. Isolate KS-1 injection to O. fuscidentalis revealed higher bacterial dosage resulting more severe symptoms to the larvae according to survival percentage and melanization score. However, statistical analysis showed evaluation of melanization score could distinguish larvae with 10⁶ and 10⁷ CFU/larva dosage injection, while evaluation of survival percentage could not. Hemocyte of larvae with melanization score 1 had larger and more cytoplasmic vacuolization than the score 4 (healthy larvae). Omphisa fuscidentalis is an alternative of insect model for bacterial infections with survival percentage and melanization score as the evaluation. Cytoplasmic vacuolization of hemocyte can be used as larvae’s health indicator in a cellular level.

The Potential of Bacillus altitudinis B538 and Alcaligenes faecalis B947 in PET and PCL Plastic Degradation

2024-04-04T13:37:17+07:00

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic is the most widely used type of plastic that produces waste and causes various environmental and health problems. The treatment of PET plastic waste with chemically and mechanically recycling approaches still has shortcomings, so biological processing using microorganisms or enzymes has new potential. Two bacterial isolates from the Indonesian Culture Collection of National Research and Innovation Agency (InaCC, BRIN), namely isolate InaCC B538 and InaCC B947, were further observed for their potential in PET plastic degradation. Firstly, both isolates were determined by the molecular marker 16S rDNA. The potential of both isolates was measured with following method: 10 days of degradation using PET and PCL substrates, esterase enzyme activity assay, and observation of the PET plastic surface using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Species identification was performed using DNA sequencing of 16S rDNA. InaCC B538 and InaCC B947 were closely related to Bacillus altitudinis TBMAX41 and Alcaligenes faecalis AN-13, respectively. InaCC B947 isolate has a better potential in degrading PET plastic and PCL with a degradation percentage of 0.32% for PET plastic and 3.22% for PCL film for 10 days, respectively, and esterase activity of 0.06 U/ml; while InaCC B538 did not cause weight loss of PET and 2.49% for PCL, respectively, with esterase activity of 0.04 U/ml. The degradation of PET plastic by the isolates InaCC B947 was able to cause damage to the plastic surface leading to the degradation of PET plastic.

Denitrifier Still Has the Important Role in Nitrate Reduction to N2 Although It is Not the Predominant Population in the Estuarine Bacterial Community of Nitrate Reducing Bacteria

2024-04-04T13:37:16+07:00

Denitrification and nitrate-ammonification are the responsible processes for nitrate removal in the estuaries. Temperature, nitrate and organic carbon availability are key factors controlling a rate of the nitrate reduction processes. This mixed cultures chemostat study investigates the competition ability and their nitrate reduction end-products of the bacteria isolated from an estuary at different temperatures. This study will help us to understand the seasonal nitrate reduction processes in an estuary. The experiments showed that a nitrate-ammonifier was the predominant process in the steady-state chemostat at high temperature. While a facultative denitrifier-nitrate ammonifier was the predominant process at low temperature. However, the main end products of nitrate reduction at high temperature were up to 61% N₂ indicating a denitrifier still had an important role in the end products of nitrate reduction in the estuary. The data also showed that a nitrite respiring bacterium reduced nitrite to N₂, that responsible for approximately 6-9% of total N₂ produced in the culture. This study confirmed that nitrate ammonifiers out-compete denitrifiers at high temperature, however, denitrifiers still had an important role in end products of nitrate reduction.

Identification and Antibiotic Resistance Edwardsiella tarda from Clown Knifefish (Chitala chitala) in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam

2024-04-04T13:37:15+07:00

This investigation is intended to isolate, identify, and assess the pathogenicity of Edwardsiella tarda, which originated from diseased clown knifefish. A total of 43 isolates were obtained from infected fish samples in Hau Giang and Dong Thap provinces of the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. Two isolates of DT37 and HG41 were identified as E. tarda by morphological, biochemical, and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Experimental challenge studies revealed that isolate DT37 leads to 83.33% at a 10⁸ CFU/ml concentration after 60 hours. Meanwhile, in isolate HG41, mortality reached 100% within 48 hours post-injection at the highest concentration of 10⁸ CFU/ml. The challenged clown knifefish exhibited gross signs of abnormal swimming, skin ulcerations, and petechial hemorrhages in the body. Internally, ascites with hemoperitoneum, light-colored nodules on the liver, hemorrhagic kidneys, and splenomegaly were also recorded. The LD₅₀ of two isolates, DT37 and HG41, was 4.89 × 10⁵ and 4.07 × 10⁵ CFU/ml, respectively. The antibiogram result showed that most of the isolates were highly susceptible to ampicillin (65%), enrofloxacin (85%), florfenicol (100%), flumequine (90%), cefotaxime (80%), and trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole (70%). However, the bacterial isolates were highly resistant to doxycycline (75%) and streptomycin (100%).

Antimicrobial Activities and Painting Application of Pigmented-Producing Actinobacteria Isolated from Rhizospheric Soils of Mosses (Taxithelium nepalense (Schwägr.) Broth. and Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng.)

2024-04-04T13:37:15+07:00

In the survey of biodiversity of actinobacteria associated with mosses (Taxithelium nepalense (Schwägr.) Broth. and Barbula indica (Hook.) Spreng.), certain strains of pigment producing actinobacteria were isolated and purified on SCA and incubated at 30°C for 1 week. Based on deep-shade color of actinobacterial pigments, 4 strains were collected and used for painting color preparation. To evaluate the antimicrobial activities, the crude extracts were prepared from 4 actinobacterial strains and tested with Escherichia coli PSRU-01 and Staphylococcus aureus PSRU-01. The results indicated that the crude extracts of C7, C13, C15 and D13 could not inhibit growth of E. coli PSRU-01, but S. aureus PSRU-01 was inhibited. Two fungal testers, including Colletotrichum sp. PSRU-01 and Fusarium sp. PSRU-01, were completely inhibited by the crude pigment extracts of C13, C15 and D13. Based on phylogenetic results, the actinobacterial strains were closely related to Streptomyces californicus (C7, 100% identity), Streptomyces bungoensis (C13, 99.8% similarity), Streptomyces humi (C15, 99.9% similarity), and Streptomyces rectiverticillatus (D13, 99.8% similarity). They also shared phenotypic characteristics with Streptomyces. The cultivated cells of actinobacteria on broken-milled rice were used for pigment extraction and followed by determination of the extracted pigments for mixing with acrylic color in the shade violet, green, orange and pink colors. Application of actinobacterial pigments in painting is the first report and it is an innovative utilization of actinobacterial pigments in non-scientific field in Thailand.

The Unpopular Edible Bolete (Phlebopus portentosus) in Indonesia

2024-04-17T11:39:29+07:00

Phlebopus portentosus (Berk. and Broome) Boedijn was firstly constructed from the collection of Indonesia in 1951. To date, the subsequent collection of this ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi has not been done in Indonesia. In addition, the utilization information of this edible mushroom as food is not popular for the country. The goal of our work was to update the current collection, provide the morphological and molecular data, and promote the utilization of this edible mushroom in Indonesia. Fresh fruiting bodies were evaluated for morphological and molecular evidence. The basidiomata were analysis on the basis of the morphological and molecular evidence. The phylogenetic tree was constructed following the rDNA-ITS 1/2 sequence. P. portentosus was verified by morphological and phylogenetic studies combined. The indigenous people in the research site use this wild edible mushroom for self-consumption and sell it to local market. Phlebopus portentosus BO24626 was solitary to connate, boletoid basidioma, yellowish to greenish brown pileus and stipe, yellowish hymenophore, clavate stipe, club shaped basidia, oval to subglobose basidiospores, cystidia present. The absence of sponge-like tissues and the occurrence of sterigmata distinguished our specimens from the similar morphological species P. spongious. The lack of reddish stipe distinguished our specimen from P. roseus. In addition, the presence of hymenial cystidia delimits our specimens from P. colossus. The inferred phylogenetic tree nested our specimen in the group of P. portentosus (sister to P. spongiosus). The ITS sequence of our specimen is now deposited at GenBank and can be applied to upcoming research of P. portentosus.

Genetic Diversity and Differentiation of Sand Crab (Albunea symmysta) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Hippoidea) from Java and Papua, Indonesia

2024-04-04T13:37:14+07:00

In Indonesia, the sand crab Albunea symmysta distribution includes Java, Sumatra, and Moluccas. Populations are assumed to be differentiated between western and eastern Indonesia due to the Wallace line; however, no information on the genetic diversity and differentiation of A. symmysta in Indonesia is available. This study was conducted to clarify the genetic diversity and differentiation of A. symmysta in Indonesia. During the sampling campaign, A. symmysta specimens were found only in Java and Papua. Genetic analysis based on the 643-bp fragment of the partial COI gene from 32 individuals revealed significant genetic differentiation between the Java and Papua populations (F_ST = 0.94, p < 0.005). The haplotype connectivity of the five A. symmysta sampling sites revealed a two-clade network. Based on analysis of molecular variance, most of the variation was found among populations (94.21%) rather than within populations (5.79%). Tajima's D and Fu's FS values indicated a population expansion. Overall, the findings support a high level of differentiation between the Java and Papua A. symmysta populations, suggesting the separation of population stocks due to low connectivity.

Successful Primer Picking and Pooling for the Design of Multiplex PCR Primers Specific to Pork, Beef, Chicken, and Rat DNA

2024-04-04T13:37:13+07:00

DNA markers and Multiplex-PCR have emerged as methods for species detection in processed meat products. The primary objective of this study is to design multiplex primer sequences for pork, rat, beef, and chicken, generating distinguishable amplicons through agarose gel electrophoresis for halal detection in processed meat products. Primer design involved utilizing mitochondrial genomic data and the NCBI-Primer BLAST site to obtain specific pork and beef primer sequences. In silico simulations, including single and multiplex-PCR, were conducted using Primer Pooler. In vitro validation encompassed Single-PCR and Multiplex-PCR annealing temperature optimization, using samples of chicken, beef, pork, and rat as well as processed meat products like meatballs, sausages, and nuggets. In vitro validation demonstrated that the halal marker gene's multiplex primer efficiently amplified the target sequence, specifically at the optimal annealing temperature of 58°C. Amplicons from beef (1,217 bp), pork (860 bp), rat (622 bp), and chicken (272 bp) primers could be distinguished on a 1.5% agarose gel. The study's results can aid in cost-effective and rapid halal testing and authentication of processed meat products, offering advantages over PCR with a single primer.

Food Habits of the Common Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus) in Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia: a Preliminary Report

2024-04-04T13:37:12+07:00

We conducted a preliminary survey of the wild common palm civet Paradoxurus hermaphroditus in a secondary forest in Pangandaran Nature Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. We collected 125 fresh fecal samples between October 2018 and August 2019. We conducted faecal analyses after species confirmation by camera trapping and faecal DNA analysis. Almost all faeces contained fruits and seeds (frequency of occurrence: 97.6%), while the percentage of animal matter (including mammals, birds, insects, non-insect arthropods, and molluscs) was much lower (22.4%). We observed no seasonal differences in major faecal contents. Higher dependence on fruits by the common palm civets was similar to those in other study sites. Seeds of at least eight different plant species were found in the faeces of the common palm civets, which implied that the common palm civets would play roles as seed dispersal agents.

Enhancing Kojic Acid Production in Aspergillus oryzae: Leveraging Crude Cellulase from Achatina fulica for Strain Improvement via Protoplasting and UV Mutagenesis

2024-04-04T13:37:12+07:00

This study aims to prove the ability of crude cellulase enzymes from snails for protoplasting Aspergillus oryzae cells and its application for strain improvement with UV mutagenesis. Snail enzyme was obtained from Achatina fulica by dissolving its digestion track and fractionating it with ammonium sulfate. The activity of fractions was measured Spectrophotometrically and used for cell protoplasting for 2 hours, then irradiated with UV for 10, 15, and 20 minutes, respectively, with 5 cm in the distance. Screening of mutants is carried out with 1% FeCl₃, and the potential mutant strain was tested for kojic acid production in an aerobic state and determined by Spectrophotometry at 268 nm. The cellulase activity in crude snail enzyme was 11.5807 U/ml and increased to 16.3984 U/ml after fractionation. The best protoplast formation was obtained with a 60% fraction, which showed transparent performance under the microscope. The UV mutagenesis of protoplasts showed that the highest number of potential mutants was obtained from UV treatment for 15 minutes (41.67%). The potential mutants look dark brown (DBC), such as strain 10H3, and produced higher kojic acid concentration than the parent strain. In conclusion, UV mutagenesis of Aspergillus oryzae through protoplasting by crude cellulase of snail enzyme was effective and improved kojic acid concentration.

The Potential of Clove Rhizospheric Bacteria to Produce Vanillin from Eugenol

2024-04-04T13:37:11+07:00

Vanillin is one of the most important flavoring agents worldwide. Currently, consumers' awareness and concern for biovanillin production has been increasing. This study aimed to screen the potential of clove rhizospheric bacteria isolates producing vanillin through a biotransformation process of eugenol and to conduct the preliminary optimization of the biotransformation condition. Twenty-eight bacteria isolates were screened for their capability to transform eugenol into vanillin. BKL 15 isolate, which was identified as Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus, was selected as the highest vanillin producer among the isolates. The optimum molar yield of vanillin produced by the selected isolate was 4.99% (1.11 g/L) after 168 hours of biotransformation process in the medium consisting of TSB (30 g/L), eugenol (24 g/L), yeast extract (20 g/L), and concentration of casamino acid (20 g/L). Throughout the publications we have read, this is the first report of L. xylanolyticus that produces vanillin.

Exploring Indonesian Sponge-Associated Marine Aspergillus hortai: Characterization of Bioactive Compounds with Potential Anti-Escherichia coli Properties

2024-04-04T13:37:11+07:00

Sponge-associated marine fungi are potential source for secondary metabolite compounds. The aim of this research was to investigate sponge-associated marine fungus as secondary metabolite producers against Escherichia coli. The fungus was isolated from Indonesian marine sponge Stylissa sp. and identified as Aspergillus hortai through a combination of morphological and molecular characteristics of ITS DNA and β-tubulin genes. The fungus was tested against E. coli using fungal broth and mycelial extracts. The optimized condition was achieved by fungal broth grown in corn meal broth at 6-days of shaking incubation. Fungal extract was produced using three liters of filtered fungal broth and extracted in ethyl acetate. The antibiotic activity of the extract is vulnerable to 45°C heat and basic or acidic conditions. Therefore, the extraction was done at pH 7 with evaporation at 40°C. The extract shows 7 major bands on TLC with 1 band shows activity against E. coli (Rf 0.81) on bioautogram. The band was observed as a yellow color and turned black in short-wave UV and did not show any fluorescence in long-wave UV. This research shows that sponge-associated marine fungi obtained from Indonesia has the potential as anti E. coli worth to be explored for searching new antibiotics.

Identification of Garlic Viruses Associated with Seed Bulbs and Consumption Bulbs from Several Locations in Indonesia

2024-04-04T13:37:09+07:00

Virus infection is one of the major constraints in garlic production since the viruses are readily accumulated on vegetative propagation material (bulbs). This research aimed to detect garlic common latent virus (GCLV), shallot latent virus (SLV), onion yellow dwarf virus (OYDV), and leek yellow stripe virus (LYSV) infecting local garlic as seed bulb and imported garlic as consumption bulb. Seed bulb samples were obtained from seed breeders in several garlic growing centers in Indonesia. In contrast, consumption bulb samples were obtained from plant quarantine warehouses and three local markets in Bogor. Some bulb samples were used for morphological observations, and some were germinated in the laboratory until the leaves emerged. Leaves were collected for virus detection by RT-PCR using specific primers for GCLV, SLV, OYDV, and LYSV. Seed and consumption bulbs have differences in their morphological characteristics, especially in the type of neck hardness and the size of the bulb diameter. OYDV and LYSV infections were successfully detected in seed and consumption bulbs, while SLV was only found in consumption bulbs. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that SLV from consumption bulbs formed one group, GCLV from seed bulbs formed one group, while OYDV and LYSV from seed and consumption bulbs were in different groups, indicating that the viruses came from different strains. Further research through high-throughput detection methods and providing virus-free planting material are needed to anticipate the spread of new strains of garlic viruses in Indonesia.

Slow-release Fertilizer Application on Silk (Falcataria moluccana Miq.) and Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Plant Growth and Yield in Agroforestry System

2024-04-04T13:37:08+07:00

The aim of this experiment is to evaluate the impact of chitosan-NPK slow-release fertilizer (CS-NPK SRF) on the germination and growth of silk tree and rice in different planting patterns, as well as to assess the nutrient release rate of the SRF. The germination test followed a complete randomized design, incorporating a single factor (fertilizer type), namely no fertilizer (F₀), SRF CS 0.5% weight 0.03 g (F₁), SRF CS 0.5% 0.01 g (F₂), SRF CS 0.7% 0.03 g (F₃), SRF CS 0.7% 0.01 g (F₄), and conventional NPK fertilizer (F₅). The growth test utilized a 2-factor split-plot design, with the primary factor being the planting pattern (sengon/rice monoculture-SM/RM and sengon-rice agroforestry-AF) and the second factor being the fertilizer type. Results indicate that F₂ and F₄ yielded the highest germination and growth values in both plants, although not significantly different from F₀. These findings suggest that CS-NPK SRF has the potential to enhance plant growth. The AF pattern exhibited lower growth compared to SM/RM, attributed to plant competition. CS-NPK SRF demonstrated a slower nutrient release (47.65% N; 85.01% P; 31.80% K) compared to conventional fertilizers. This slow release could potentially reduce nutrient loss to the environment while enhancing plant nutrient absorption.

Apis cerana Fabricius, 1793 in Sumatra: Haplotype Variations of Mitochondrial DNA and the Molecular Relationship with the Asian Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae)

2024-04-04T13:37:08+07:00

Honey bee Apis cerana is widely distributed in Asia and the Indonesian archipelago, including Sumatra. We studied the molecular variations of A. cerana using cytochrome c oxidase subunits 1 and 2 genes (cox1 and cox2) and the cox1/cox2 intergenic spacers (igs) in several altitudes in the six provinces of Sumatra. We explored the haplotype distributions of those three mtDNA markers for A. cerana in the low-, mid-, and highlands of Sumatra. We also analyzed their relationship with A. cerana in Sundaland and Asia using those markers. Our study revealed 12 new haplotypes of A. cerana cox1 in Sumatra, while nine and eight new haplotypes for cox2 and igs, respectively. Apis cerana in North Sumatra, Lampung, and South Sumatra had the three highest haplotype variations. Most of the specific haplotypes of inter-colony A. cerana from Sumatra were found in the lowlands, while most were in the highlands for intra-colony variations. We found low gene flow among populations of A. cerana in Sumatra. One haplotype, Sumatra4 cox2 from North Sumatra, was the same as Java3 haplotype, presumably due to anthropogenic impact. The molecular phylogenetic tree of A. cerana in the Sundaland revealed that A. cerana from Sumatra has a close relationship to those of Borneo compared to Java.

Phenotypic and Estimated Genetic Variability in Endemic Diospyros celebica Bakh. and Widely-spread D. blancoi A.Dc. Cultivated at Purwodadi Botanic Garden, Indonesia

2024-04-08T12:19:20+07:00

The endemic Diospyros celebica and widely spread D. blancoi are two valuable species of Diospyros (the genus of persimmons and ebonies) that have been conserved at botanic gardens in Indonesia. Understanding the biological contrasts between endemic and widely spread species is essential for plant conservation. This study aims to compare the phenotypic and estimated genetic variability between the endemic D. celebica and the widely spread D. blancoi to support their conservation. Fifty-three morphological characters from fifteen selected living plant specimens at Purwodadi Botanic Garden were measured directly or using variable encoding methods. Unpaired two-samples Wilcoxon test and hierarchical cluster analysis were used to compare morphological variations between both species. Further, genetic variabilities were estimated from encoded morphological characters using GenAlEx 6.503 software. The two Diospyros’ morphological characters were significantly different, except for the lamina length, pairs of leaf vein, number of flowers in each inflorescence, and the fruit sulci presence. The cluster analysis successfully distinguished D. celebica from D. blancoi according to thirteen comparable morphological characters. The endemic D. celebica has lower genetic variability (female/bisexual %P = 86.21%, He = 0.259, uHe = 0.277; male P = 54.29%, He = 0.195, uHe = 0.234) than the widely spread D. blancoi (female/bisexual %P = 86.76, He = 0.311, uHe = 0.355). Due to the importance of genetic diversity in plant conservation, both species’ population size needs to be maintained, if not increased, to preserve the existing phenotypic and genetic variabilities within the cultivated populations at the botanic garden.

Genomics and Phylogeny of Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae Isolated from the Northern Peruvian Andes

2024-04-04T13:37:07+07:00

Genomes of oleaginous yeast strains Rhodotorula glutinis CON-5 and Rhodotorula kratochvilovae POR-3, isolated from areas in the northern Peruvian Andes using SPAdes, were sequenced and assembled applying Illumina and de novo. Genomes of 20,515,696 and 20,738,185 bp, respectively, were determined. From the structural and functional annotations, the Basidiomycota phylum showed a similarity of 76.8% and 86.5% with 6,976 and 8,124 pairs of proteins in both yeasts respectively, with homologues in the UniProt data bank. Using OrthoVenn, a relationship between both yeasts was obtained from 450 orthologous groups. Likewise, the above-mentioned yeasts and R. toruloides (oleaginous Basidiomycota) showed 1,574 orthologous groups, indicating a good relationship. Construction of phylogenetic trees of genes encoding metabolic enzymes was also carried out, based on the ITS sequences which showed that CON-5 and POR-3 have a greater relationship with R. graminis. Their phylogenetic relationship was ascertained and determined that the enzymes involved in the metabolism of CON-5 and POR-3 are related to each other. It was also found that the protein sequences of the Basidiomycota phylum differ from Ascomycota. The study showed functional evidence regarding the lipid accumulation phenotype, an important aspect in the context of obtaining lipids or oleochemicals.

Potential of Clitoria ternatea L. Extract Towards Insulin Receptor Expression and Marker of Inflammation in Diabetes Mellitus Rats Model

2024-04-04T13:37:06+07:00

Metabolic abnormalities caused by the accumulation of human, environmental, genetic and lifestyle variables can be found in diabetes mellitus (DM). An increase in blood glucose carried on by a reduction in insulin production can also result in DM. Insulin resistance often occurs as a result of obesity and a lack of physical activity and aging. Telang flower extract (Clitoria ternatea L.) is reported to have several qualities such as being able to treat DM, chronic bronchitis, goiter, mucosal disorders and leprosy. This study’s objective was to elucidate anti-dibetic effect of C. ternatea extract (CTE) in rats with diabetic complications related to dyslipidemia. Rats suffering from diabetes will be examined after being given oral doses of Simvastatin 0.9 mg/kg BW, Glibenclamide 0.45 mg/kg BW, and 200, 400, and 800 mg/kg BW CTE, model induced by streptozotocin. The expression of the insulin gene (INS-1) was investigated by qRTPCR, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α), and Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) pancreatic DM rats model using the Immunohistochemistry (IHC) test. Both descriptive and quantitative data were acquired for the data. After utilizing ANOVA to evaluate quantitative data, the Tukey post hoc test was used to analyze the data, the expression of TNF-α and IL-1β was found to decrease while INS-1 expression increased in response to CTE. This effect was attributed to the modulation of TNF-α, IL-1β, and INS-1 expression. These findings suggest that CTE possesses antidiabetic properties.