Production of Functional Kampong Chicken Meat with Low Cholesterol, High Antioxidant, and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Fed Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Leaf Shoot Meal
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of noni (Morinda citrifolia) leaf shoot meal (NLSM) supplementation in the ration on the performances of kampong chickens as well as lipid, malondialdehyde (MDA), and fatty acid contents of meats. Two hundred and forty kampong chickens of 4 weeks old were reared until 12 weeks old. The diet treatments were R0: 0% NLSM (control), R1: 0.5% NLSM, R2: 1% NLSM, R3: 1.5% NLSM, R4: 2% NLSM, and R5: 2.5% NLSM. A completely randomized design (CRD) was used with six treatments and four replications with ten kampong chickens per replicate. The data were analyzed using ANOVA and if there were significant different, the data were further analyzed using Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The variables measured were performances of kampong chickens as well as lipid, MDA, and fatty acid contents of meat. The result showed that cholesterol and LDL contents of meat were significantly reduced by feeding NLSM. Performance and HDL contents of meat were not significantly different for all diet treatments. In addition, feeding kampong chickens with ration supplemented with NLSM could reduce MDA, saturated fatty acids and increase unsaturated fatty acids contents of meat. It is concluded that 2.5% NLSM can be used to improve meat quality of kampong chicken as functional meat.
References
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Kurkcu, R. 2010. The effects of short-term exercise onthe parameters of oxidant and antioxidant system in handball players. African J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 4: 448-452.
Laudadio, V., E Ceci, N.M.B Lastella, M. Introna, & V. Tufarelli. 2014. Low-fiber alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) meal in the laying hen diet: Effects on productive traits and egg quality. Poult. Sci. 93: 1868–1874. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03831
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Leeson, S. & J. D. Summers. 2009. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Nottingham University Press. https://doi.org/10.7313/UPO9781904761099
Muhlisin, D.T.U., J.H. Lee, J.H. Cho, & S.K. Lee. 2016. Antioxidant enzyme activity, iron content and lipid oxidation of row and cooked of Korean native chickens and other poultry. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 29: 695-701. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0256
National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 1992. Food and Beverages, Test Methods. SNI 01-2891-1992. pp. 16-17.
Palupi, R., L. Abdullah, D. A. Astuti, & Sumiati. 2014. High antioxidant egg production through substitution of soybean meal by Indigofera sp top leaf meal in laying hen diets. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 13: 198-203. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2014.198.203
Phan-Thi, H., & Y. Wache. 2014. Isomerization and increase in the antioxidant properties of lycopene from Momordica cochinchinensis (gac) by moderate heat treatment with UV–Vis spectra as a marker. Food Chem. 156:58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.040
Phan-Thi, H. P. Durand, M. Prost, E. Prost, & P. Wache. 2016. Effect of heat-processing on the antioxidant and prooxidant activities of β-carotene from natural and synthetic origins on red blood cells. Food Chem. 190: 1137-1144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.088
Rice-Evans, C., A.T. Diplock, & M.C.R. Symons. 1991. Techniques in Free Radical Research. Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Pp: 146-202.
Santi, M.A., Sumiati, & L. Abdullah. 2015. Cholesterol and malondialdehyde contents of broiler-chicken meat supplemented with Indigofera zolingeriana top leaf meal. Med. Pet. 38:163-168. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.3.163
Schreiber, S. B., J. J. Bozell, D. G. Hayes, & S. Zivanovic. 2013. Introduction of primary antioxidant activity to chitosan for application as a multifunctional food packaging material. Food Hydrocoll. 33: 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.03.006
Shahidi, F. 2009. Nutraceuticals and functional foods:whole versus processed foods. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 20: 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.004
Shahidi F. & Y. Zhong. 2015. Measurement of antioxidant activity. J. Func. Foods. 18:757-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.047
Shahzad M., F. Rizvi, A. Khan, M. Siddique, M.Z. Khan, & M.Z. Khan. 2011. Diagnosis of Avian Paramyxovirus type-1 infection in chicken by immunoflourescence technique. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 13:266-270.
Steel, R. & J. Torrie. 1995. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika. Alih bahasa: Sumantri B. Edisi ke-2. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Sunder, J., D.R. Sing, A. Kundu, & S. Jeyakumar. 2011. Effect of feeding Morinda citrifolia extract on blood biochemical profile of Nicobari fowl and broiler. Anim. Sci. Report. 5: 141-146.
Surai P.F., I.F. Vladimir, & K. Filiz. 2016. Antioxidant systems in chick embryo development. Part 1. Vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium. Anim. Nutr. 2: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.01.001
Syahruddin, E., H. Abbas, E. Purwati, & Y. Heryandi. 2011. Effect of fermented noni leaf (Morinda citrifolia L.) in diets on cholesterol content of broiler chicken carcass. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 16: 266-271.
Tavarez, M.A., D.D. Boler, K.N. Bess, J. Zhao, F.Yan, A.C. Dilger, F.K. McKeith, & J. Killefer. 2011. Effect of antioxidant and oil quality on broiler performance, meat quality and lipid oxidation. Poult. Sci. 90: 922-930. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01180
Velasco, V. & P. Williams. 2011. Improving meat quality through natural antioxidants. Chilean journal of Agricultural Research 71: 313-318. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392011000200017
Wardiny, T. M., T. E. A. Sinar, & D. Zainuddin. 2011. Substitusi tepung daun mengkudu dalam ransum meningkatkan kinerja ayam broiler. Jurnal Matematika Sains dan Teknologi 12: 92-100.
Yeum, K.J., G. Beretta, N. I. Krinsky, R. M. Russell, & G. Aldini. 2009. Synergistic interactions of antioxidant nutrients in a biological model system. Nutrition 25: 839-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.01.011
Zheng, G., L. Xu, P.Wu, H. Xie, Y. Jiang, F. Chen, & X. Wei. 2009. Polyphenols from longan seeds and their radical-scavenging activity. Food Chem. 116: 433-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.059
Aksu, D. S., T. Aksu, B. Ozsoy, & E. Baytok. 2010. The effects of replacing inorganic with a lower level of organically complexed minerals (Cu, Zn and Mn) in broiler diets on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant defense systems. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 23:1066-1072. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90534
Amirshekari T., N. Ziaei, S.M. Ghoreishi, & E. Esfandiaspur. 2015. The effects of adding aqueous extract and dried aerial part powder of Tribulus terrestris on productive performance and blood parameters of laying hens. J. Appl. Poult. Res. 25: 145–155. https://doi.org/10.3382/japr/pfv07
AOAC (Association of Analytical Chemists). 1984. Standard Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Analytical Chemists. 14th Edition, S.W Williams, Washington DC.
Burke, R., B. Diamondstone, R.Velapoldi, & O. Menis. 1974. Mechanisms of the Liebermann-Burchard and Zak color reactions for cholesterol. Clinical Chemistr, 20: 794-801.
Chen, P., A.Q. Wang, & A.S. Shan. 2009. Effects of Ligustrum lucidum fruits on growth performance, antioxidation and meat quality in Arbor Acres broilers. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 22: 700-705. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2009.80537
Choi, Y.S., J.H. Choi, D.J. Han, H.Y. Kim, M.A. Lee, J.Y. Jeong, H.J. Chung, & C. Kim. 2010. Effect of replacing pork back fat with vegetable oils and rice bran fiber on the quality of reduced fat frankfurters. Meat Sci. 84:557-563. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meatsci.2009.10.012
Delles, R.M., Y.L. Xiong, A.D. Treu, T.Ao, & K.A. Dawson. 2014. Dietary antioxidant supplementation enhances lipid and protein oxidative stability of chicken broiler meat through promotion of antioxidant enzym activity. Poult. Sci. 93: 1561-1570. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03682
Dhama K, S.K. Latheef, S. Mani, H.A. Samad, K. Karthik, R.Tiwari, R.U. Khan, M. Alagawany, M.R. Farag, G.M. Alam, V. Laudadio, & V. Tufarelli. 2015. Multiple beneficial applications and modes of action of herbs in poultry health and production-A review. Int. J. Pharmacol. 11: 152-176. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijp.2015.152.176
Doss, A, M. Pugalenthi, D. Rajendrakumaran, & V. Vadivel. 2010. Phenols, flavonoids and antioxidant activity of underutilized legume seeds. Asian J. Exp. Biol. Sci. 1:700-705.
Fassah, D. M. 2012. Efek pemberian ekstrak limbah teh hitam sebagai sumber antioksidan dal level energi-protein pakan yang berbeda terhadap stabilitas oksidatif dan kualitas daging ayam broiler. Buletin Peternakan 36: 75-86. https://doi.org/10.21059/buletinpeternak.v36i2.1583
Ferretti, G., T. Bacchetti, A. Belleggia, & D. Neri. 2010. Cherry antioxidants: from farm to table. Molecules 15: 6993-7005. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules15106993
Gunawan, B., & T. Sartika. 2001. Persilangan ayam pelung jantan x kampung betina hasil seleksi generasi kedua (G2). Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 6: 21-27.
Hoenselaar, R. 2012. Saturated fat and cardiovascular disease: the discrepancy between the scientific literature and dietary advice. Nutrition 28: 118-123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.017
Karppi, J, S.Kurl, K. Ronkainen, J. Kauhanen, & J.A. Laukkanen . 2013. Serum carotenoids reduce progression of early atherosclerosis in the carotid artery wall among eastern Finnish men. PLoS ONE 8: e64107. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0064107
Kim, I.S., S.K.Jin, M.R. Yang, G.M, Chu, J.H. Park, R.H.I. Rashid, J.Y. Kim, & S.N. Kang. 2013. Efficacy of tomato powder as antioxidant in cooked pork patties. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 26: 1339–1346. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2013.13079
Kumar, R. S., T. Sivakumar, R. S. Sunderam, M. Gupta, U. K. Mazumdar, P. Gomathi, Y. Rajeshwar, S. Saravanan, M. S. Kumar, K. Murugesh, & K. A. Kumar. 2005. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Bauhinia racemosa L. stem bark. Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res. 38: 1015–1024. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2005000700004
Kurkcu, R. 2010. The effects of short-term exercise onthe parameters of oxidant and antioxidant system in handball players. African J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 4: 448-452.
Laudadio, V., E Ceci, N.M.B Lastella, M. Introna, & V. Tufarelli. 2014. Low-fiber alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) meal in the laying hen diet: Effects on productive traits and egg quality. Poult. Sci. 93: 1868–1874. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2013-03831
Lee, C.X., B. D, Lee, J.C. Na, & G. An. 2010, Carotenoid accumulation and their antioxidant activity in spent laying hens as affected by polarity and feeding period. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 23:799-805. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2010.90296
Leeson, S. & J. D. Summers. 2009. Commercial Poultry Nutrition. Nottingham University Press. https://doi.org/10.7313/UPO9781904761099
Muhlisin, D.T.U., J.H. Lee, J.H. Cho, & S.K. Lee. 2016. Antioxidant enzyme activity, iron content and lipid oxidation of row and cooked of Korean native chickens and other poultry. Asian-Australas. J. Anim. Sci. 29: 695-701. https://doi.org/10.5713/ajas.15.0256
National Standardization Agency of Indonesia. 1992. Food and Beverages, Test Methods. SNI 01-2891-1992. pp. 16-17.
Palupi, R., L. Abdullah, D. A. Astuti, & Sumiati. 2014. High antioxidant egg production through substitution of soybean meal by Indigofera sp top leaf meal in laying hen diets. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 13: 198-203. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2014.198.203
Phan-Thi, H., & Y. Wache. 2014. Isomerization and increase in the antioxidant properties of lycopene from Momordica cochinchinensis (gac) by moderate heat treatment with UV–Vis spectra as a marker. Food Chem. 156:58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.040
Phan-Thi, H. P. Durand, M. Prost, E. Prost, & P. Wache. 2016. Effect of heat-processing on the antioxidant and prooxidant activities of β-carotene from natural and synthetic origins on red blood cells. Food Chem. 190: 1137-1144, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.06.088
Rice-Evans, C., A.T. Diplock, & M.C.R. Symons. 1991. Techniques in Free Radical Research. Elsevier Science Pub. Co. Pp: 146-202.
Santi, M.A., Sumiati, & L. Abdullah. 2015. Cholesterol and malondialdehyde contents of broiler-chicken meat supplemented with Indigofera zolingeriana top leaf meal. Med. Pet. 38:163-168. https://doi.org/10.5398/medpet.2015.38.3.163
Schreiber, S. B., J. J. Bozell, D. G. Hayes, & S. Zivanovic. 2013. Introduction of primary antioxidant activity to chitosan for application as a multifunctional food packaging material. Food Hydrocoll. 33: 207-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.03.006
Shahidi, F. 2009. Nutraceuticals and functional foods:whole versus processed foods. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 20: 376-387. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.004
Shahidi F. & Y. Zhong. 2015. Measurement of antioxidant activity. J. Func. Foods. 18:757-781. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2015.01.047
Shahzad M., F. Rizvi, A. Khan, M. Siddique, M.Z. Khan, & M.Z. Khan. 2011. Diagnosis of Avian Paramyxovirus type-1 infection in chicken by immunoflourescence technique. Int. J. Agric. Biol. 13:266-270.
Steel, R. & J. Torrie. 1995. Prinsip dan Prosedur Statistika. Alih bahasa: Sumantri B. Edisi ke-2. Gramedia Pustaka Utama, Jakarta.
Sunder, J., D.R. Sing, A. Kundu, & S. Jeyakumar. 2011. Effect of feeding Morinda citrifolia extract on blood biochemical profile of Nicobari fowl and broiler. Anim. Sci. Report. 5: 141-146.
Surai P.F., I.F. Vladimir, & K. Filiz. 2016. Antioxidant systems in chick embryo development. Part 1. Vitamin E, carotenoids and selenium. Anim. Nutr. 2: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aninu.2016.01.001
Syahruddin, E., H. Abbas, E. Purwati, & Y. Heryandi. 2011. Effect of fermented noni leaf (Morinda citrifolia L.) in diets on cholesterol content of broiler chicken carcass. Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 16: 266-271.
Tavarez, M.A., D.D. Boler, K.N. Bess, J. Zhao, F.Yan, A.C. Dilger, F.K. McKeith, & J. Killefer. 2011. Effect of antioxidant and oil quality on broiler performance, meat quality and lipid oxidation. Poult. Sci. 90: 922-930. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-01180
Velasco, V. & P. Williams. 2011. Improving meat quality through natural antioxidants. Chilean journal of Agricultural Research 71: 313-318. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0718-58392011000200017
Wardiny, T. M., T. E. A. Sinar, & D. Zainuddin. 2011. Substitusi tepung daun mengkudu dalam ransum meningkatkan kinerja ayam broiler. Jurnal Matematika Sains dan Teknologi 12: 92-100.
Yeum, K.J., G. Beretta, N. I. Krinsky, R. M. Russell, & G. Aldini. 2009. Synergistic interactions of antioxidant nutrients in a biological model system. Nutrition 25: 839-846. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2009.01.011
Zheng, G., L. Xu, P.Wu, H. Xie, Y. Jiang, F. Chen, & X. Wei. 2009. Polyphenols from longan seeds and their radical-scavenging activity. Food Chem. 116: 433-436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2009.02.059
Authors
WardinyT. M., SumiatiS., RetnaniY., & SetiyonoA. (2020). Production of Functional Kampong Chicken Meat with Low Cholesterol, High Antioxidant, and Unsaturated Fatty Acids Fed Noni (Morinda citrifolia) Leaf Shoot Meal. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 43(1), 35-42. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2020.43.1.35
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