Growth Performances and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Akasya [Samanea Saman (Jacq.) Merr.] Pod Meal
Abstract
Akasya pods are seasonally abundant and are good sources of protein and energy and have been considered as an alternative feed source for livestock. This study was conducted to determine the effects of feeding Akasya pod meal (APM) on the growth performances and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens. Three hundred straight-run 7-day-old Cobb broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments containing 0%, 0.5%, 1.0%, 2.5%, and 5.0% APM following a completely randomized design. Each treatment was replicated 10 times with 10 birds per replicate. The digestibility of nutrients was also evaluated to determine the effect of different levels of APM on the efficiency of nutrient digestion in broilers. Broilers fed APM level at more than 1.0% had lower body weights and body weight gains, but feed intake, feed conversion ratio, livability, and carcass characteristics were not affected by increasing levels of APM. The digestibility of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), ether extract (EE), and energy were the same in broilers across treatments. Increased income over chick and feed cost (IOFCC) was generated from broilers fed diets with 0.5% APM, but progressively declined as APM level in the diet was increased. In conclusion, APM can be used in broiler diets at inclusion levels up to 1.0% wherein growth performance and carcass characteristics were optimum in broilers and income generated was improved at 0.5% level.
References
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Rougière, N. & B. Carré. 2010. Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D− genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Animal. 4:1861-1872. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110001266
Roxas, D. B. 2006. Animal Feeds and Feeding: with Emphasis on the Tropics. University of the Philippines Los Baños.
Saki, A. A., H. R. M. Martin, P. Zamani, M. M. Tabatabai & M. Vatanchian. 2011. Various ratios of pectin to cellulose affect intestinal morphology, DNA quantitation, and performance of broiler chicks. Livest. Sci. 139: 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.01.014
SAS Institute. 2012. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics (Version. 9.3 ed.), SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Saxena, M., J. Saxena, R. Nema, D. Singh & A. Gupta. 2013. Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 1:168-182.
Staples, W. G. & R.C. Elevitch, R. C. 2006. Samanea saman (rain tree), ver 2.1. In R. C., Elevitch (Ed.), Species profile for Pacific Island agroforestry (pp. 2–7). Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, HI.
Ukoha, P. O., E. A. C. Cemaluk, O. L. Naamdi, & E. P. Madus. 2011. Tannins and other phytochemical of the Samanea saman pods and their antimicrobial activities. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 5: 233-244.
Van Soest, P.J. & J. B. Robertson. 1985. Methods of analysis of dietary neural detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3585-3597.
Walugembe, M., M.F. Rothschild & M.E. Persia. 2014. Effects of high fiber ingredients on the performance, metabolizable energy and fiber digestibility of broiler and layer chicks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 188: 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.012
AOAC, 2005. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International. 18th ed. Assoc. Off. Anal.Chem., Arlington.
Angeles, A. A., A. D. Torres & J. M. B. Raquipo. 2013. Changes in bacterial diversity in the rumen of cattle fed ripe Acacia [Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr.] pods. Philipp. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 39:11-20.
Banson, E. K., G. Muthusamy & E. Kondo. 2015. The import substituted poultry industry; evidence from Ghana. Int. J. Agric. For. 5: 166– 175.
Barcelo, P.M., J. E. Libong & E. T. Coloma. 2013. Acacia (Samanea saman (JACK) MERR) pods as feeds for broilers. Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries. 2:235-238. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.aff.20130206.16
Flores, E. M. 2002. Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. In J. A. Vozzo (Ed.), Tropical tree seed manual. Agriculture handbook 721. USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC.
Girma, M., M. Urge & G. Animut. 2011. Ground Prosopis juliflora Pods as Feed Ingredient in Poultry Diet: Effects on Growth and Carcass Characteristics of Broilers. Int. J. Poult. Sci. 10: 970- 976. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.970.976
Hagan, M.A.S., D. Armstrong, & A. Dadson. 2016. Growth performance and economic evaluation of broiler Chicken fed with rain tree (Samanea saman) seed meal. Cogent Food & Agriculture 2: 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311932.2016.1277445
Kamalzadeh, A., M. Rajabbeygi & A. Kiasat, 2008. Livestock production systems and trends in livestock industry in Iran. J. Agric. Soc. Sci. 4: 183- 188.
Kamran, Z., M. Sarwar, M. Nisa, M.A. Nadeem, S. Mahmood, M.E. Babar & S. Ahmed. 2008. Effect of low-protein diets having constant energy-to-protein ratio on performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens from one to thirty-five days of age. Poult. Sci. J. 87: 468–474. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2007-00180
Loar, I.I., R.E. Mortitz, J.S. Donaldson & J.R.A. Corzo. 2010. Effects of feeding distillers dried grains with solubles to broilers from 0 to 28 days posthatch on broiler performance, feed manufacturing efficiency, and selected intestinal characteristics. Poult. Sci. 89. 2242-2250. https://doi.org/10.3382/ps.2010-00894
Magpantay, V.A., R.K.S. Cu, M.C.R. Oliveros & U.P.A Hurtada. 2013. Growth performance and carcass drip loss and water holding capacity of broilers fed low density diets supplemented with liquid multi-vitamins and amino acids during periods of stress. Philipp. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 39:201-210.
Mokoboki, K.H., M. Malatje, W.J. Ng’ambi, & R.L. Ndlovu. 2013. Short communication: The use of polyethylene glycol in the diagnosis of polyphenolics in the foliage of Acacia species. Asia Life Sciences 24: 103-113.
Nwocha, C.C., O.U. Njoku, & F.N. Ekwueme. 2014. Phytochemical, antinutrient and amino acid composition of Synsepalum dulcificum pulp. Int. J. Pharm. Biol. Sci. 9: 25–29.
Osti, R., Z. Deyi, S. Virendra, B. Dinesh, & C. Harshika. 2016. An Economic Analysis of Poultry Egg Production in Nepal. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 15: 715-724. https://doi.org/10.3923/pjn.2016.715.724
Osti, R., D. Bhattarai & D. Zhou. 2017. Climatic Variation: Effects on Stress Levels, Feed Intake, and Bodyweight of Broilers. Rev. Bras. Cienc. Avic. 19: 489-496. https://doi.org/10.1590/1806-9061-2017-0494
Philippine Society of Animal Nutritionists (PHILSAN). 2010. Feed Reference Standards. 4th ed. 498. University of the Philippines Los Baños, College, Laguna.
Rath S. C., K. C. Nayak, K. N. Mohanta, C. Pradhan, P. V. Rangacharyulu, S. Sarkar & S. S. Giri. 2014. Nutritional evaluation of rain tree (Samanea saman) pod and its incorporation in the diet of rohu (Labeo rohita Hamilton) larvae as a non-conventional feed ingredient. Indian J. Fish. 61: 105-111.
Rougière, N. & B. Carré. 2010. Comparison of gastrointestinal transit times between chickens from D+ and D− genetic lines selected for divergent digestion efficiency. Animal. 4:1861-1872. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731110001266
Roxas, D. B. 2006. Animal Feeds and Feeding: with Emphasis on the Tropics. University of the Philippines Los Baños.
Saki, A. A., H. R. M. Martin, P. Zamani, M. M. Tabatabai & M. Vatanchian. 2011. Various ratios of pectin to cellulose affect intestinal morphology, DNA quantitation, and performance of broiler chicks. Livest. Sci. 139: 237–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2011.01.014
SAS Institute. 2012. SAS User’s Guide: Statistics (Version. 9.3 ed.), SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC.
Saxena, M., J. Saxena, R. Nema, D. Singh & A. Gupta. 2013. Phytochemistry of Medicinal Plants. J. Pharmacogn. Phytochem. 1:168-182.
Staples, W. G. & R.C. Elevitch, R. C. 2006. Samanea saman (rain tree), ver 2.1. In R. C., Elevitch (Ed.), Species profile for Pacific Island agroforestry (pp. 2–7). Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR), Holualoa, HI.
Ukoha, P. O., E. A. C. Cemaluk, O. L. Naamdi, & E. P. Madus. 2011. Tannins and other phytochemical of the Samanea saman pods and their antimicrobial activities. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry. 5: 233-244.
Van Soest, P.J. & J. B. Robertson. 1985. Methods of analysis of dietary neural detergent fiber and non-starch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J. Dairy Sci. 74: 3585-3597.
Walugembe, M., M.F. Rothschild & M.E. Persia. 2014. Effects of high fiber ingredients on the performance, metabolizable energy and fiber digestibility of broiler and layer chicks. Anim. Feed Sci. Technol. 188: 46-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2013.09.012
Authors
ReyesF. C. C., AguirreA. T. A., Agbisit JrE. M., MercaF. E., ManulatG. L., & AngelesA. A. (2018). Growth Performances and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chickens Fed Akasya [Samanea Saman (Jacq.) Merr.] Pod Meal. Tropical Animal Science Journal, 41(1), 46-52. https://doi.org/10.5398/tasj.2018.41.1.46
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